Which of the possible supercontinents was the most short-lived?

The supercontinent Pannotia was formed about 650 mln years ago and lasted until 540 mln years ago. So, Pannotia could be the most short-lived of all possible supercontinents.

The jury is still out on whether Pannotia can rightfully be called a supercontinent.

According to researchers, Africa could be at the center of Pannotia, surrounded by other landmasses the time. This happened because Pannotia was formed by the subduction of exterior oceans (which pulled Rodinia apart and pushed Pannotia together).

This is how Pannotia could look like from the South Pole ⬆️.

During the existence of Pannotia there were two proto-oceans — Panthalassa and the Pan-African ocean, and this supercontinent broke apart with the opening of the Iapetus Ocean.

Since the major part of the land in those days was just near the poles, it is believed that the glaciations reached its peak just about 600 mln years ago.

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Why was one of the supercontinents called Rodinia and what modern continent was likely the core of it?

The giant land formation after Columbia was called Rodinia from the Russian “родина” (“rodina” means “motherland”) or “родить” (“rodit” means “to give birth”).

The ocean of that time — Mirovia comes also from the Russian word “мир” (“mir” means “world”) or “мировой” (“mirovoi” means “worldwide”, “global”).

Researchers don't know exactly how big Rodinia was, but North America was likely the core of it.

This is how Rodinia could look like from the South Pole ⬆️.

According to scientists, during Rodinia’s existence, the first multicellular organisms began to appear in oceans around the world.

Some researchers also believe that the theory of “Snowball Earth” refers to the period the breakup of this supercontinent.

ℹ️ The Snowball Earth is a geohistorical hypothesis that in the distant past ice smothered the entire planet, from the poles to the equator at least twice.

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What supercontinents have existed throughout Earth’s history?

? The continents we live on today are moving, and over hundreds of millions of years they get pulled apart and smashed together again. Occasionally, this tectonic plate-fueled process brings most of the world's landmasses together to form a massive supercontinent.

? There's no strict definition for a supercontinent, but researchers say it should include around 75% of the available landmass.

Supercontinents are also defined as single connected continents made up of all or most of the land on the surface of Earth.

? Recently, thanks to research into the mineral distribution and carbon dating, scientists can piece together what past supercontinents might have looked like, how they formed and how they broke apart.

? Scientists believe that new supercontinents are forming and splitting up about every 400 to 500 million years.

? Although all models of early Earth’s plate tectonics are very theoretical, researchers can generally agree that there have been a total of seven or eight supercontinents ⬇️ and are relatively sure of at least three (Columbia, Rodinia and Pangaea).

? The first and earliest supercontinent to have existed is Vaalbara that is suspected to have formed 3.6 billion years ago.

? The supercontinent Ur formed approximately 3 billion years ago.

? The supercontinent Kenorland came together between about 2.72 and 2.45 billion years ago.

? The supercontinent Columbia, also called Nuna or Hudsonland, formed about 1.7 billion years ago and broke up approximately 1.5 billion years ago.

? The supercontinent Rodinia existed from around 1 billion years ago to 700 million years ago.

? The supercontinent Gondwana formed around 530 million years ago and was the largest landmass on Earth for more than 200 million years.

? The supercontinent Pannotia may have briefly existed around 560 million years ago.

? The most recent supercontinent, Pangaea, formed around 320 million years ago and broke up around 175 million years ago.

? The first supercontinents may have formed from the same cratons – stable blocks of Earth’s crust that form the center of a continent. These cratons can now be found in different parts of modern continents.

? Since subduction and seafloor melt replace plate tectonic material, nearly all of the land that makes up the Earth’s crust is less than 200 million years old, so it is still difficult to find evidence of the supercontinents before Pangaea.

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What is emotion?

Emotion is a complex state of feeling that results in physical and psychological changes that influence thought and behavior.

These complex psychological states involve 3️⃣ distinct components: a subjective experience, a physiological response, and a behavioral or expressive response ⬆️.

Emotionality is associated with a range of psychological phenomena, including temperament, personality, mood, and motivation.

Emotions can be categorized based on whether they are primary or secondary.
? Primary emotions are the emotions that humans experience universally. There are different theories as to what these specific emotions are, but they often include happiness, sadness, fear, disgust, anger, and surprise ⬆️.
? Secondary emotions stem from—and are variations of—primary emotions. Sometimes, we have secondary emotions in response to our primary emotions (i.e., "I'm frustrated that I'm so sad"). Secondary emotions may include frustration, pride, envy, and jealousy.

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