✅ The relationship between empathy and executive functions among young adolescents

❇️ part of abstract:
Our findings show both similarities and differences from previous findings in adults, suggesting that the ongoing brain maturation processes and environmental age-dependent experiences in adolescence may affect the developing relation between cognitive and emotional development.

? Developmental Psychology
2023, Volume 59, Issue 11 (Nov)

https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001639

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❇️ Introduction to Developmental Psychology

(Chapter 1)

1⃣

2⃣، 3⃣، 4⃣، 5⃣

6⃣ Human development is a continual and cumulative process that is holistic, highly plastic, and heavily influenced by the historical and cultural contexts in which it occurs.

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With significant new and updated content across dozens of chapters, this second edition presents the most exhaustive treatment available of the techniques psychologists and others have developed to help them pursue a shared understanding of why humans think, feel, and behave the way they do.

The initial chapters in this indispensable three-volume handbook address broad, crosscutting issues faced by researchers: the philosophical, ethical, and societal underpinnings of psychological research. Next, chapters detail the research planning process, describe the range of measurement techniques that psychologists most often use to collect data, consider how to determine the best measurement techniques for a particular purpose, and examine ways to assess the trustworthiness of measures.

Additional chapters cover various aspects of quantitative, qualitative, neuropsychological, and biological research designs, presenting an array of options and their nuanced distinctions. Chapters on techniques for data analysis follow, and important issues in writing up research to share with the community of psychologists are discussed in the handbook’s concluding chapters.

Among the newly written chapters in the second edition, the handbook’s stellar roster of authors cover literature searching, workflow and reproducibility, research funding, neuroimaging, various facets of a wide range of research designs and data analysis methods, and updated information on the publication process, including research data management and sharing, questionable practices in statistical analysis, and ethical issues in manuscript preparation and authorship.

Format: Hardcover
Publication date: July 2023
ISBN: 978-1-4338-4123-1
Item #: 3841231
Pages: 2205

Part of the APA Handbooks in Psychology® Series and APA Reference Books Collection

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CHAPTER SUMMARY
(CHAPTER 1)

1_2 ، 3 ، 4 ، 5 ، 6 ، 7 ، 8 , 9

? In many experiments the independent variable is something that is either present or absent. The simplest experimental design includes an experimental group (with the hypothesized cause present for one group of participants) and a control group (with the hypothesized cause absent for another group of participants). If the manipulation of the independent variable results in a statistically significant difference in the dependent variable between the experimental and control groups, we know that the experimental condition had a reliable effect, and the difference is not due to chance factors or a few extreme cases.

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سلام دوستان?

عزیزان تهرانی که امسال قصد شرکت در آزمون دکترا (وزارت علوم) رو دارن، به آیدی زیر یه پیام بدید
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This second edition provides a comprehensive, social ecological review of women's rape and sexual assault disclosures and how support providers can better respond to them and challenge rape culture.

Women who have been raped and sexually assaulted are often retraumatized by negative social reactions from family and friends, healthcare professionals, institutions, and society at large.

Sarah Ullman educates supporters on more appropriate responses that empower survivors and help them heal. Drawing on interviews with survivors and support providers, she offers powerful, provocative insights to therapists, other frontline workers assisting survivors, researchers, and students.

She reviews transtheoretical research on why, how often, and to whom women disclose; the impact of social contexts on disclosures; and social reactions from informal support networks and professionals in a variety of institutional settings.

New to this edition is updated research addressing social media, social phenomena like the MeToo movement, and informal supporters’ experiences with survivors. While most research still focuses on White, heterosexual, and cisgender women, emerging findings on LGBTQ+ individuals, cis males, people of color, and people with disabilities are reviewed where available.

Talking About Sexual AssaultSociety's Response to Survivors, Second Edition

By Sarah E. Ullman
Publication date: July 2023

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⭕️ فیدبک دادن یادتون نره?

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Abstract

✅ According to predictive models of emotion, people use previous experience to construct affective predictions, represented multimodally in the brain.

We do not live in a stable world, however. Some environments are uncertain, whereas others are not. In two experiments we investigated how experiencing previous certain versus uncertain contingencies shaped subjective reactions to future affective stimuli, within and across sensory modalities. Two S1–S2 paradigms were used as learning and test phases. S1s were colored circles, S2s negative/neutral affective pictures or sounds. During the learning phase, participants (N = 192, 179) were assigned to the certain (CG) or uncertain group (UG) and presented with 100% (CG) or 50% (UG) S1–S2 congruency between visual stimuli. During the test phase, participants were presented with a new 75% S1–S2 paradigm and visual (Experiment 1) or auditory (Experiment 2) S2s. Participants were asked to rate the expected valence of upcoming S2s (expectancy ratings) or valence and arousal to S2s. In both experiments, the CG reported more extreme expectancy ratings than the UG, suggesting that experiencing previous reliable S1–S2 associations led CG participants to subsequently predict similar associations. No group differences emerged on valence and arousal ratings, which were more prominently influenced by the new 75% contingencies of the test phase rather than by previous learned contingencies. Last, comparing the two experiments, no significant group by experiment interaction was found, supporting the hypothesis of cross-modality generalization at the subjective level. Overall, our results advance knowledge about the mechanisms by which previous learned contingencies shape subjective affective experience.

https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001168

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