? HAPPY NEW YEAR ?

Key Protest in 2024

● Farmers Protest (Dilli Chalo) (2024) : Indian farmers marched to Delhi demanding legal MSP guarantees and loan waivers, reviving memories of past agitations.

● Women’s Rights Protests in Afghanistan (2024) : Afghan women protested Taliban-imposed restrictions on education and rights, raising international concerns about “gender apartheid.”

● Manipur Protest (2024) : Ethnic violence between Meiteis and Kuki-Zo communities escalated, triggered by demands for Scheduled Tribe status for Meiteis.

● Reclaim the Night (2024) : Women in Kolkata protested the brutal rape and murder of a trainee doctor, demanding safety and gender equality.

● Bangladesh Protest (2024) : Students and citizens demanded merit-based governance reforms, leading to Sheikh Hasina’s resignation and Mohammed Yunus heading an interim government.

● Pro-Palestine Protests in US Universities (2024) : Campus encampments escalated after arrests at Columbia University, following the Israel-Gaza conflict’s resurgence.

● UK Riots (2024) : Riots erupted after misinformation linked a Southport knife attack to migrants, leading to mosque attacks and arrests.

● Anti-Hijab Protests in Iran (2024) : Women defied mandatory hijab laws, inspired by Mahsa Amini’s death, forcing Iran to reconsider stricter hijab regulations.

● Farmers Protest in Europe (2024) : European farmers protested against EU environmental laws, citing threats to livelihoods amid war-related disruptions and climate challenges.

? NETWORK SOCIETY

Manuel Castells' network society theory is a concept that describes how the development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has led to a new social structure:

Social structure: Networks are the basic units of modern society, and the key social structures and activities are organized around them.

Power: Power is exercised through networks, and is dispersed throughout them rather than governed by institutions.

Culture, economy, and politics: These factors, in addition to technology, make up the network society.

Social networks: ICTs have created far-flung social networks.
Economies: Economies have been restructured to accommodate open markets.

Castells' theory is based on the idea that networks are sets of interconnected nodes that process value flows using new technologies. These networks are complex and configurable, and can cooperate and compete internally and externally. They can also scale and survive in a continuously changing techno-economic environment.

Castells' theory is presented in his trilogy, The Information Age, published in 1996, 1997, and 2000.

A R Desai - IGNOU

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