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*🔆*Theaters

📍Shumang Leela
✅**Shumang Kumhei or Shumang Leela, which translates to play of open courtyard, is a Meitei traditional form of theatre, usually performed in Manipur.

✅It began as a comic genre for royal and noble audiences,
where the roles of women are played by men, called Nupi
Shabis, and vice versa in a female theatre group.

✅It serves as a medium of mass education, addresses issues of moral integrity and unity, and promotes humanism, brotherhood, and tolerance.

✅Noted artist Shougrakpam Hemanta was conferred with the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in recognition of his contribution to Shumang Leela.

*📍Seethakali*:

✅Seethakali is a dance drama that was a part of Onam
festivities of Kerala in the past.

✅It’s a Dravidian dance form portraying the portions from Vanayatra (exile to the forest) to Sita’s andardhanam (descend into the earth).

✅It’s a blend of songs,
storytelling, and fast
movements where ganjira,
manikatta, chiratta, and kaimani are among the
accompaniments.

✅Seethakali songs were orally passed on from one generation to the next.

✅Most of the artists belonged to under privileged communities like Veda and Pulaya communities.

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*🔆*Why Lower Castes Embrace Buddhism?

The Gujarat government recently said that conversions from Hinduism to Buddhism will require prior approval from the district magistrate under provisions of the Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act, 2003 (GFRA).

📍How did Buddhism Evolve and grew popular?

It emerged in the fifth century BCE, out of the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, in present-day Nepal, who became a wandering ascetic after becoming disillusioned with the world around him. After his death, his followers created a congregation to pass down the novel doctrine preached by Gautam Buddha and thus, a new religion Buddhism evolved. It started off as a non-ritualistic religion, rejected the elaborate varna system, customs and animal sacrifices of Vedic religion, was more accessible to ordinary people and open to people from all sections of society, including the so-called “untouchables”.

📍Why did Lower Castes Convert to Buddhism?

Radical intellectuals from oppressed castes in the 19th and 20th centuries like Iyothee Thasar in the Tamil region, Mitavadi Krishnan and Sahodaran Ayyappan from Malayalam speaking regions and B.R. Ambedkar turned towards Buddhism in their bid to challenge the Brahmanical hegemony and to negotiate the rights of lower castes. Dr Ambedkar once told a gathering of Mahars that- “Religion is for man and not man for religion. To get human treatment, convert yourselves.” Since then, the practice of lower castes converting to Buddhism has become prevalent across the country, not only seen as an avenue for emancipation, but also as the path taken by Dr Ambedkar.**

🔆Jenu Kuruba community

✅For decades, the indigenous Jenu Kuruba tribe residing in the forests of Western Ghats were denied their basic rights and cut off from opportunities for development.

✅Jenu in Kannada means honey and kuruba is the caste. As the name suggest Jenu Kurubas are honey gatherers.

✅They are traditional honey gathering tribe and are among the original inhabitants of the forests of the Western Ghats that stretch over three States – Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

✅They live in small settlements called Hadi.

✅Occupation: The main occupation used to be food gathering in the forests, collection of minor forest produce in the forests, collection of minor forest produce including honey
They practice shifting cultivation, leading to a nomadic lifestyle.

*✅Social life:* People of this community live a semi-nomadic lifestyle which is not maintained by rulers, police, centralized visible forces or religious monasteries; but by the technique of its own discipline and diffused power.

✅The pattern is that it is maintained at each settlement level with a head-man (yajamana) and a ritual head / shaman (gudda).

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