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**Arrange your Art and Culture notes in two ways.

1. Artefacts/ Architecture etc wise: how these have evolved across various periods eg. how coin evolved across Mauryan, Guptas etc.
2. Dynasty wise: how all forms of arts evolved within let’s say Mughal period

Prepare examples, quotes, diagrams, intro, conclusions beforehand

Siddharth Srivastava AIR 118

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Art & Culture Notes:
60 odd topics - I made short notes with small maps, diagrams, examples to use

This is not exhaustive at all. This is only themes I covered for art and culture which I revised multiple times.

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*?*Theaters

?Shumang Leela
✅**Shumang Kumhei or Shumang Leela, which translates to play of open courtyard, is a Meitei traditional form of theatre, usually performed in Manipur.

✅It began as a comic genre for royal and noble audiences,
where the roles of women are played by men, called Nupi
Shabis, and vice versa in a female theatre group.

✅It serves as a medium of mass education, addresses issues of moral integrity and unity, and promotes humanism, brotherhood, and tolerance.

✅Noted artist Shougrakpam Hemanta was conferred with the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award in recognition of his contribution to Shumang Leela.

*?Seethakali*:

✅Seethakali is a dance drama that was a part of Onam
festivities of Kerala in the past.

✅It’s a Dravidian dance form portraying the portions from Vanayatra (exile to the forest) to Sita’s andardhanam (descend into the earth).

✅It’s a blend of songs,
storytelling, and fast
movements where ganjira,
manikatta, chiratta, and kaimani are among the
accompaniments.

✅Seethakali songs were orally passed on from one generation to the next.

✅Most of the artists belonged to under privileged communities like Veda and Pulaya communities.

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*?*Why Lower Castes Embrace Buddhism?

The Gujarat government recently said that conversions from Hinduism to Buddhism will require prior approval from the district magistrate under provisions of the Gujarat Freedom of Religion Act, 2003 (GFRA).

?How did Buddhism Evolve and grew popular?

It emerged in the fifth century BCE, out of the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, in present-day Nepal, who became a wandering ascetic after becoming disillusioned with the world around him. After his death, his followers created a congregation to pass down the novel doctrine preached by Gautam Buddha and thus, a new religion Buddhism evolved. It started off as a non-ritualistic religion, rejected the elaborate varna system, customs and animal sacrifices of Vedic religion, was more accessible to ordinary people and open to people from all sections of society, including the so-called “untouchables”.

?Why did Lower Castes Convert to Buddhism?

Radical intellectuals from oppressed castes in the 19th and 20th centuries like Iyothee Thasar in the Tamil region, Mitavadi Krishnan and Sahodaran Ayyappan from Malayalam speaking regions and B.R. Ambedkar turned towards Buddhism in their bid to challenge the Brahmanical hegemony and to negotiate the rights of lower castes. Dr Ambedkar once told a gathering of Mahars that- “Religion is for man and not man for religion. To get human treatment, convert yourselves.” Since then, the practice of lower castes converting to Buddhism has become prevalent across the country, not only seen as an avenue for emancipation, but also as the path taken by Dr Ambedkar.**