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World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)

- Type: Specialized agency of the United Nations.

- Location: Geneva, Switzerland.

- Establishment: Created by the WIPO Convention in 1967.

-Mission: To lead the development of a balanced and effective international intellectual property (IP) system that promotes innovation and creativity for the benefit of all.

- Members: 193 member states.

- Functions:

● Global Policy Forum: Brings together governments, intergovernmental organizations, industry groups, and civil society to address evolving IP issues.

● Committees and Working Groups: Member states and observers meet regularly to negotiate changes and new rules for the international IP system to keep pace with global changes.
● Encouraging Innovation and Creativity: Ensuring that the international IP system serves its fundamental purpose by fostering an environment conducive to innovation and creativity.

Source : The Hindu

Gradation of Coal

● Classification primarily determined by gross calorific value, reflecting the heat or energy produced upon burning.

- Coal Composition: Consists of carbon, ash, moisture, and various impurities.

- Authority: Classification established by the Coal Ministry.

- Types of Coal:

1. Anthracite:

● Rank: Highest rank, also known as hard coal.
● Characteristics: High percentage of fixed carbon and a low percentage of volatile matter.
● Uses: Predominantly used for heating and in industrial processes.

2. Bituminous:

● Rank: Middle rank coal.
● Characteristics: High heating value.
● Uses: Primarily used in electricity generation and steelmaking.

**3. Subbituminous:

● Characteristics: Low-to-moderate heating values.
● Uses:** Mainly utilized in electricity generation.

4. Lignite:

● Rank: Lowest grade coal.
● Characteristics: Least carbon concentration, low heating value, and high moisture content.
● Uses: Largely used in electricity generation.

Source : The Hindu

?1927: Delhi Proposals
Muslim leaders presented four proposals for Muslim demands in the draft constitution, including joint electorates and increased representation in legislative bodies.
These proposals were accepted by the Congress at the Madras session.

?1929: Delhi Manifesto
National leaders issued a manifesto demanding dominion status for India, Congress representation at the Round Table Conference, and a policy of conciliation.
Viceroy Irwin rejected these demands, leading to the call for Purna Swaraj (complete independence).

?1931: Delhi Pact (Gandhi-Irwin Pact)
Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin signed an agreement before the second Round Table Conference.
The pact aimed to resolve the ongoing civil disobedience movement and pave the way for negotiations.

?1940: Delhi Chalo Movement
Subhas Chandra Bose coined the slogan "Delhi Chalo" to rally support for the freedom struggle.
Gandhi initiated a limited satyagraha against participating in World War II, with the plan to march towards Delhi if not arrested.

https://t.me/target30upsc/15916

Heat Index

● It is a measure of how hot it feels when humidity is factored in along with the air temperature.

● Calculated using data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD).

- Indication of Discomfort: Used to guide people on additional measures to reduce discomfort due to high heat and humidity.

- Colour Codes for Experimental Heat Index:
● Green: < 35°C
● Yellow: 36-45°C
● Orange: 46-55°C
● Red: > 55°C

- Current Status: Implemented on an experimental basis across the entire country.

- Methodology: On Similar lines of National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), USA

Source : Hindustan Times

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