**✅*Gs-2 : Governance- Dynamics of Indian politics- Useful in Essay and ethics also

🅾️Why we need Trust based governance?-*** Role played by public trust in shaping an economy

*🅾️Present situation= Voter expectations from institutions unmet=Reduced trust in democratic processes-Shift to more centralized, authoritarian forms.*

*⚠️Impact= paradox exists in voter behavior-Increased voting despite distrust-Preferring to remove political parties in power rather than choose proactively.*

*🛑Bigger issue=signs of a deeper systemic problem in Indian politics-Failure of electoral participation to enforce accountability-Growing discontent despite high voter turnout=>Lack of trust seen as contributing to a flawed democracy.***

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**✅*Gs-3 : Biotechnology- Genome sequencing- the need for a legal framework.

⚠️What is Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) ?

🅾️What is it?- The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA) is a U.S. federal law that was enacted in 2008. 🅾️Purpose :** It prohibits discrimination in health insurance and employment based on an individual's genetic information. This includes genetic tests of individuals and their family members, as well as the manifestation of a disease or disorder in family members.

🅾️Intended impact : Essentially, GINA prevents employers from using someone's genetic information when making hiring, promotion, or other employment-related decisions, and it stops health insurers from denying coverage or charging higher premiums solely based on genetic predisposition to potential diseases**.

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**✅*Gs-4 : Ethics- Educational values/ Essay

✅Gs-2 : Education- Academic autonomy 🅾️Premise : necessity for ethical conduct and transparency in higher education- mandated by the University Grants Commission (UGC) through the Mulayam Pravah 2.0 guidelines.

🅾️The need - to root out practices like harassment, discrimination, and corruption- but issue is that they can be superficial, suppress dissent and thereby impact academic freedom and integrity. Therefore we should ensure that there is platform creates a culture of open dialogue, where ethical lapses can be discussed and addressed without fear of retribution

🅾️The ultimate goal should be to enhance the quality and integrity of the education system while protecting individual rights and promoting a culture of accountability and transparency.

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**✅*Gs-4 : Ethics / Essay

➡️Camus, a French existentialist, is noted for his non-confrontational form of atheism, which is likened to the gentle and intellectual atheism associated with Eastern philosophies of Buddha and Mahavir. This form of atheism does not attack theism but coexists with it- a crucial component of ethical governance and polity.

🛑Camus' perspective advocates an approach that avoids divisiveness and promotes understanding and acceptance. This resonates with the ethical doctrine of 'public service' and 'commitment to public good' - UPSC GS 4 syllabus

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**✅*Gs-3 : Science and Technology/ IPR- patents and copyrights

🅾️Context : AI and the Issue of Human-Centricity in Copyright Law

🅾️What is the issue?- AI's potential to produce creative works autonomously prompts questions about copyright ownership and enforcement.a case in the U.S. (Stephen Thaler vs Dirc Perlmutter) showed resistance in acknowledging AI's ability to own copyrights. This sets a precedent that emphasizes human centrality in creative ownership.***

*⚠️Logic behind this argument- Copyright is traditionally human-centric. Its objective is to protect and incentivize human creativity.If AI-generated content is safeguarded under the same law, it may dilute the very essence of copyright, which focuses on human creativity and innovation.*

*🔰 Ethical Implications: Granting copyrights to AI might diminish the value of human effort and ingenuity.*

*➡️Other Ethical Issues with AI-* Click here

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