The diagram shows the design and operation of a landfill site for domestic waste disposal. Overall, the process consists of three main stages – construction, usage and closure, incorporating both natural and synthetic materials.

During the construction phase, a large artificial pit is excavated, reaching natural rock formations. The base and walls of the hole are covered first in clay, followed by a synthetic material to prevent leaching into the surrounding ground. After the lining is complete, a drainage system, comprising multiple pipes and a tank, is installed at the bottom to manage liquid waste, finalizing the preparation process.

In the next phase, specialized trucks deposit household waste into the pit, with any liquid waste seeping downward through the drainage pipes into the collection tank. This continues until the landfill reaches its full capacity.

In the closure stage, the landfill is sealed with a thick clay layer to contain waste. A pipe is incorporated to allow gases to escape safely during decomposition.

The diagram shows the production of glass containers. Overall, there are nine steps which can be divided into four main stages: melting, molding, tempering and quality control. The process requires both specialized machinery and human oversight.

The process commences when glass fragments are fed into a furnace through a funnel. Inside the furnace, the raw material is heated at 105 degrees Celsius to melt it. The molten glass is first transferred in a small V-shaped mold, where an industrial press shapes it into a thick-walled container. This semi-formed container subsequently goes to the second mold with a broader base. Instead of pressing, glassblowing is used in this stage to refine the shape and achieve thinner walls.

After molding, the containers are fired in a kiln at 482 degrees Celsius before being cooled at 25 degrees for an hour to enhance durability. The final stage involves a meticulous inspection by workers to identify any defects. Faulty products are discarded, while those that meet the standards are packaged into boxes for distribution.

Some people think that individuals today are more dependent on each other. Others believe people have become more independent.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

While it is sometimes claimed that our mutual dependence has grown over time, not everyone agrees with this idea, arguing that individuals today have greater independence. Although certain aspects of contemporary life necessitate interdependence, I support the latter view.

On the one hand, it is difficult to deny that our modern lifestyle has made some people heavily reliant on the larger society. Unlike in agrarian societies, where self-sufficiency was more attainable, many people in the industrialized world now depend on the government, charities or other individuals to satisfy their basic need for food. In some countries, those trapped in poverty live on welfare benefits, while in others various grants and donations are their only hope. However, poverty is not unique to modernity – reliance on external aid has existed for millennia, making this argument largely irrelevant in this discussion.

On the contrary, a broader perspective reveals significant advancements in individual agency. Until recently, people with mobility issues such as the elderly and disabled were dependent on others for support. Their health often made them unable to gain employment and earn for themselves, making them a burden to society or their families. In contrast, assistive devices, ranging from state-of-the-art electric wheelchairs to advanced prosthetic limbs, have empowered them to conduct their daily lives and provide for themselves. Furthermore, the end of archaic social barriers, which once subjected women to the authority of men in critical life decisions, has enabled billions of women worldwide to gain an education, pursue a career and make autonomous decisions regarding marriage and family life.

In conclusion, while it is true that many people need some form of financial assistance for their livelihood, this is not a novel phenomenon. Nevertheless, modern technology and progressive social movements offer far greater economic and social independence than ever before.

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