Bulk or Volume Defects

1. Pores or Voids: Empty spaces within the material, often due to processing issues like gas entrapment during solidification.

2. Cracks: Fractures or splits in the material, which can be microscopic or macroscopic.

Planar Defects

1. Grain Boundaries: Interfaces where grains of different crystallographic orientations meet.

2. Twin Boundaries: Special grain boundaries where the atomic structure on one side of the boundary is the mirror image of the other side.

3. Stacking Faults: Errors in the stacking sequence of atomic planes.

Line Defects (Dislocations)

1. Edge Dislocation: Occurs when part of a plane of atoms in a crystal lattice ends within the crystal.

2. Screw Dislocation: The lattice is distorted in a helical manner around the dislocation line.

METALLOGRAPHY CONTEST 2024

All interested metallurgists are welcome to grab this wonderful opportunity. "Show your creativity with a metallography contest. World looking to see the next micrograph icon."

Metallography contest 2024 is open for submissions.

Submit your artistic research image to win
1st winner: 150 Dollars
2nd winner: 100 Dollars
3rd winner: 50 Dollars
Follower's Choice Award: 50 Dollars
Participation certificates for all winners and participants.

Please follow these steps to submit your Image to "Metallography Contest 2024."

1. Go to https://lnkd.in/eiyyraF7
2. First do the payment of registration fees
3. Fill out the Registration form with the Payment reference number.
   https://lnkd.in/evWyN9ef
4. You will get the confirmation email once we receive your image.

Copied images from any sources will not be considered for participation.

Registration: 29th May 2024 to 30th August 2024
The result will announced on 15th September 2024

We want to thank our sponsor.
Struers - your metallographic specialist https://www.struers.com/en

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*Desulfurization Process in Steelmaking *

- Desulfurization is the removal of Sulfur from molten steel.
Sulfur has a bad effect on impact resistance and cold workability of steel and causes hot shortness of rolled steel. It forms an Eutectic structure (FeS) on the Grain Boundaries leading to embrittlement during rolling processes.
Therefore, the sulfur concentration should be as low as possible usually lower than 0.04% S.

- Sulfur is removed at secondary metallurgy stage (LRF) by lime additions to form sulfide compound as the following reaction.
[FeS] + (CaO) → (CaS) + (FeO)

Factors favoring the Desulfurization

(1) Basic slag: CaO/ SiO2 ratio should be above 2.5 which are achieved by the addition of sufficient amount of burnt lime. Limestone is not used in sulfur refining because reaction is endothermic and limestone addition will decrease liquid steel temperature which decrease reaction rate.

(2) High temperature: Sulfur refining reaction is endothermic in nature and as the temperature increases rate increases, sulfur refining takes place above 1600°C.

(3) Reducing atmosphere: low oxygen and FeO which is obtained by adding deoxidizers and ferro-alloys to react with oxygen dissolved in the molten steel at LRF.

(4) Liquid and fluid slag: slag should be liquid to enhance slag metal reaction, so Flux addition like fluorspar increases slag fluidity but increases refractories erosion.

(5) Stirring: Stirring of liquid steel by some gasses as Nitrogen or Argon increases metal-slag interface and reaction rate.

BARC 2024 Final Results

Journal- 2022 vs. 2023

Metals - 2.9 to 2.6

TRANSACTIONS OF THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF METALS- 1.6 to 1.5

Materials characterization: 4.7 to 4.8

Journal of Materials Research and Technology- 6.4 to 6.2

ACTA MATERIALIA- 9.4 to 8.3

MATERIALS LETTERS- 3 to 2.7

SCRIPTA MATERIALIA- 6 to 5.3

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND PERFORMANCE- 2.3 to 2.2

MSEA- 6.4 to 6.1

MATERIALS & DESIGN- 8.4 to 7.6

Journal of Alloys and Compounds- 6.2 to 5.8

Metallography Microstructure and Analysis: 1.6 to 1.3

CORROSION SCIENCE: 8.3 to 7.6

NATURE MATERIALS: 41 to 37

PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 37.4 to 33.6

Engineering Failure Analysis: 4 to 4.4

Journal of Magnesium and Alloys: 17 to 15

Journal of Materials Science & Technology: 10.9 to 11.2

TRANSACTIONS OF NONFERROUS METALS SOCIETY OF CHINA: 4.5 to 4.7

INTERMETALLICS: 4.4 to 4.3

METALS AND MATERIALS INTERNATIONAL: 3.5 to 3.3

Acta Metallurgica Sinica-English Letters: 3.5 to 2.9

Additive Manufacturing: 11 to 10.3

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY: 6.3 to 6.7

Journal of Manufacturing Processes: 6.2 to 6.1

International Journal of Fatigue: 6 to 5.7

Progress in Additive Manufacturing: 4.5 to 4.4

MATERIALS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES: 4.8 to 4.1

MATERIALS CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS: 4.6 to 4.3

Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing: 3.2 to 3.3

JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE: 4.5 to 3.5

FATIGUE & FRACTURE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS & STRUCTURES: 3.7 to 3.1

METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS B-PROCESS METALLURGY AND MATERIALS PROCESSING SCIENCE: 3.0 to 2.4

JOM: 2.6 to 2.1

Materials Research Express: 2.3 to 1.8

PHILOSOPHICAL MAGAZINE: 1.6 to 1.5

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Have a big idea for a metallic materials research project? Enter the Plastometrex Research Competition for a chance to win a FREE PLX-Benchtop and PLX-HotStage for 6 months!