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Educational Post
What Is Monetary Policy?
Monetary policy refers to the actions taken by a nation's central bank to regulate the money supply and the cost of borrowing in the economy. Monetary policies are used to achieve specific economic goals, such as controlling inflation, managing employment levels, or encouraging economic growth.
To implement monetary policy, central banks can adjust interest rates, conduct open market operations (OMOs), and alter reserve requirements for commercial banks. By influencing the supply and cost of borrowing money, they can either increase economic activity or cool down an overheating economy.
How Does Monetary Policy Work?
Monetary policies can be either expansionary or contractionary.
Expansionary monetary policy
Expansionary monetary policies typically involve lowering interest rates while increasing the money supply to stimulate economic growth. They are often implemented during recessions or periods of low economic activity. The goal is to make borrowing cheaper, encouraging consumers to spend and businesses to invest, thereby boosting overall economic activity.
Imagine that the central bank of Country X wants to stimulate the economy by lowering interest rates. Jane and John, residents of Country X, notice that borrowing costs have decreased. Jane decides to take out a loan to start a new business, while John takes advantage of lower interest rates to buy a new home. As such, demand for goods and services increases, leading to job creation and further economic activity.
Example: 2008 financial crisis
During the 2008 financial crisis, the U.S. government implemented an expansionary monetary policy to revive the economy. They lowered interest rates and introduced quantitative easing (QE), i.e., buying government and mortgage-backed securities. This increased the money supply and made borrowing cheaper. Consequently, consumers spent more, businesses invested more, and the economy began to recover.
Contractionary monetary policy
Contractionary monetary policy involves raising interest rates and decreasing the money supply to slow economic growth and combat inflation. By making borrowing more expensive, the central bank aims to reduce spending and investment, decreasing overall demand and cooling down the economy.
Imagine that the central bank of Country Y wants to control rising inflation by increasing interest rates. Residents Sarah and Mike find that the cost of borrowing has gone up. Sarah decides to delay her plans to expand her business, and Mike postpones buying a new car. Consequently, consumer demand falls, and businesses see a decline in sales, which helps lower inflation and stabilize prices.
Example: early 1980s
In the early 1980s, the Federal Reserve used a contractionary monetary policy to combat high inflation in the United States. The Fed raised interest rates, making borrowing more expensive. This successfully brought down inflation but also led to a temporary increase in unemployment.
What Is Slashing?
Slashing is a form of penalty on Proof of Stake (PoS) networks implemented to ensure accountability. The bad actors are penalized and fined a percentage of their staked amount for their offense.
The PoS system encourages security and protection by rewarding validators for performing their job well and holding them accountable for their negligence.
How Does Slashing Work?
Slashing policies vary from network to network. Ethereum Merge was recently implemented to adopt the Proof of Stake mechanism. Now, Ethereum 2.0 has validators instead of miners. These validators get rewarded for staking their coins to keep the network secure. However, when validators fail to perform their job, they get slashed.
Active Network Actors, behaving as whistleblowers, catch an offender. They then construct an infringement statement against the bad validator and add it to a new block. The validator is then penalized for their offense. The punishment usually invalidates their validator id and makes them pay an amount depending on the number of validators involved. The bigger the number, the greater the penalty imposed on the staked amount. The whistleblower is rewarded a fraction of the collected amount from penalties.
What Causes Slashing?
In most networks, crypto slashing is triggered by either double signing or validator downtime. Double signing can result in a significantly greater percentage of penalty, reaching 5%, while downtime often results in a small penalty of 0.1% of tokens. Slashing can occur when two different blocks are signed for the same slots, when validators contradict each other, or when they sign two simultaneously to initiate a validation.
How to Prevent Slashing?
To avoid crypto slashing, users should never simultaneously run identical validating keys in two or more places. Accept downtime and avoid over-engineering validator setups. Some users will keep a backup while running their main validator to avoid going offline if their main validator experiences technical glitches. This helps validators keep profitability, but it's not worth it because you're continuously at risk of double signing a block.
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#YOLO/USDT Mega Signal Recap! ? With around 300k USDT in volume and a peak of 3200% (32X), we ensured a fair and safe pump for our community—0% prepump and zero prebuy. Although the peak didn't last as long as we intended it to, our coin sat as the #1 gainer…
#YOLO/USDT Mega Signal Recap! ? With around 300k USDT in volume and a peak of 3200% (32X), we ensured a fair and safe pump for our community—0% prepump and zero prebuy. Although the peak didn't last as long as we intended it to, our coin sat as the #1 gainer…
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Last updated 2 месяца, 1 неделя назад
Your easy, fun crypto trading app for buying and trading any crypto on the market
Last updated 2 месяца назад
Turn your endless taps into a financial tool.
Join @tapswap_bot
Collaboration - @taping_Guru
Last updated 2 недели, 2 дня назад