*Age of Revolution

"Let's focus on the last complete wave of state breakdown, the Age of Revolutions, which was global in scope. In particular, the second half of the Age of Revolutions, between roughly 1830 and 1870, was an extremely turbulent period in world history. Nearly all major states experienced revolutions or civil wars (or both). They included the United States and China (as we saw in chapter 1). Europe was convulsed by a wave of revolutions in 1848. France managed to get three revolutions, in 1830, 1848, and 1871. In Japan, the Tokugawa regime fell in 1867. But there were two exceptions: the British and Russian Empires. Both experienced revolutionary situations but managed to deal with them by adopting the right set of reforms. Up until now, my book has been filled with "dismal science" about societies unraveling and states collapsing. It's time to look at the brighter side of things."*

Peter Turchin

*Euler’s map of the world:

The renowned great Mathematician Leonard Euler was also a phenomenal Cartographer and Geographer. Who worked tirelessly on navigational science.*

*The American Enemy

Writing home on 16 February 1943, Powell stated: "I see growing on the horizon the greater peril than Germany or Japan ever were... our terrible enemy, America".*

*If you are receptive and humble, mathematics will lead you by the hand. Again and again, when I have been at a loss how to proceed, I have just had to wait until I have felt the mathematics led me by the hand. It has led me along an unexpected path, a path where new vistas open up, a path leading to new territory, where one can set up a base of operations, from which one can survey the surroundings and plan future progress.

Mathematics is only a tool and one should learn to hold the physical ideas in one's mind without reference to the mathematical form.

The successful development of science requires a proper balance to be maintained between the method of building up from observations and the method of deducing by pure reasoning from speculative assumptions.

Living is worthwhile if one can contribute in some small way to this endless chain of progress.

Pick a flower on Earth and you move the farthest star

**Paul A.M Dirac

English Theoretical and Mathematical physicist. A pioneer of Quantum theory.***

https://youtu.be/ieSSGP5-BEw?si=Y8XFQnmI-RW7JTID

*The video below is a brilliant, concise and detailed explanation of a rather fatalistic account in the history of thought.

Namely, an astute debate between the core principles, similarities and differences between the Newtonian (Absolute) and Leibnizian (relative) foundations of physics. A reflection of the great distinctions between, arguably, two of the greatest geniuses to have ever lived: Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz.

Even more effectual is the fact that this correspondence of ideas between Leibniz and Samuel Clarke (the representative of Newton) would be the last intellectual input offered by Leibniz. An unfinished correspondence, may I add, given Leibniz’s untimely death.

Hence the fatalism. The last work of Leibniz would end up being a decisive dialectic with his intellectual rival and equal, Newton.*

YouTube

Newton vs. Leibniz: on Time and Space - Philosophy's Greatest Stories (Episode 4)

In 1715, a correspondence between a German and English philosopher explored their differing views on time, space, god, free will and the nature of the universe. However, the English philosopher seems to have had a helping hand from an English scientist...the…

*"Although the whole of this life were said to be nothing but a dream and the physical world nothing but a phantasm, I should call this dream or phantasm real enough, if, using reason well, we were never deceived by it."

G.W Leibniz*

In the US, The Passing of the Great Race was praised by politicians, including former presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Calvin Coolidge, and cited as justification for laws that restricted immigration based on ethnicity and nationality.Adolf Hitler referred to The Passing of the Great Race as his Bible, and during the Nuremberg Trials in the 1940s, Nazi leaders who were prosecuted for war crimes committed during World War II presented the book as evidence that eugenics did not solely originate in Germany but rather had deep roots in the United States.

"As is known, scientific physics dates its existence from the discovery of the differential calculus. Only when it was learned how to follow continuously the course of natural events, attempts, to construct by means of abstract conceptions the connection between phenomena, met with success. To do this two things are necessary: First, simple fundamental concepts with which to construct; second, some method by which to deduce, from the simple fundamental laws of the construction which relate to instants of time and points in space, laws for finite intervals and distances, which alone are accessible to observation (can be compared with experience)."

Bernhard Riemann