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✅Tentative vacancies: 17727
✅Last date: 24 July 2024
✅Age as on 01.08.2024
✅Correction window: 10.08.24 to 11.08.24**

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**?Black Fungus

✅This fungus causes a disease named as Mucormycosis or Black Fungus, previously called as zygomycosis or we can say that it is a serious but rare fungal infection caused by a group of molds called mucormycetes.
✅It is Caused by a group of moulds known as mucormycetes present naturally in the environment.
✅It mainly affects people who are on medication for health problems that reduces their ability to fight environmental pathogens.

*▪️List of Fungal Infections :*

✅Recently WHO releases first-ever list of fungal infections that can be threat to public health.
✅The WHO FPPL is divided into three categories - critical, high and medium priority.
✅These fungal pathogens are ranked in each priority category based on their impact on public health and/or emerging antifungal resistance risk.
1. The critical group includes Candida auris, which is a highly drug-resistant fungi, Cryptococcus neoformans,
Aspergillus fumigatus, and Candida albicans.
2. The high priority group includes a number of other fungi from the Candida family as well as others such
as Mucorales, a group containing "black fungus", an infection which rose rapidly in seriously ill people, particularly in India, during Covid-19.
3. The medium priority group lists a number of other fungi, including Coccidioides spp and Cryptococcus gattii.**
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BAPS is Introducing the Pramukh PRAVEG Programme in collaboration with SARRTHI IAS: Your Ultimate Guide to UPSC Mains Success completely free?

Hosted online and offline at the world-class UPSC infrastructure provided by BAPS Pramukh Academy in Vadodara, this premier program offers unparalleled academic guidance from SARRTHI IAS. Specifically designed for those who have conquered the prelims, this program delivers top-tier mentoring, strategic planning, and expert advice—all completely free.

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Registration Link: https://bit.ly/paupscmains

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**Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS)

✅STSS is a severe illness caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria, triggers an intense inflammatory response that can damage multiple organs.
✅Early symptoms like fever, muscle pain, and nausea can quickly escalate to organ failure if not promptly treated.
✅Timely medical intervention with antibiotics, fluids, and sometimes surgery is crucial to save lives and prevent serious complications.**

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?What is Air LORA?

✅Israel Aerospace Industries unveiled a new air-launched variant of its Lora ballistic missile recently.

?Air LORA:

✅It is an air-launched variant of the Long-Range Artillery (LORA) ballistic missile.

✅It is designed and developed by Israel Aerospace Industries (IAI).

✅It is a long-range air-to-ground missile (AGM) developed for strike missions against high-value and well-protected targets such as command centres, air force bases, infrastructure, and naval vessels in dense littoral environments.

✅With a robust warhead of various types, Air LORA enables air forces to strike enemy targets from far distances outside the reach of enemy air defences.

✅It features high survivability with advanced immune INS/GNSS navigation and strong anti-jamming capabilities, allowing for 24/7 operation in extreme weather conditions and highly contested battlefields.

✅It can be simply integrated into airborne platforms as a stand-alone configuration or through the avionics system” and is easy to operate, “with simple fire-and-forget and autonomous operation.

✅It has a very high mission success rate mainly due to its supersonic speed and its combat-proven GNSS anti-jamming system”, as well as terminal trajectory shaping and a 90° attack angle.

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*?What are Virus-like particles (VLPs)?*

✅Scientists at the Institute of Advanced Virology (IAV), Thiruvananthapuram, recently developed a novel way of generating non-infectious Nipah virus-like particles (VLPs) in the laboratory.

?Virus-like Particles (VLPs):

✅VLPs are molecules thatresemble viruses but lack infectivity because of the absence of viral genetic material.
✅They are a very effective way of creating vaccines against diseases such as human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B, malaria, and more.
✅As they are very similar to real viral molecules, introducing a VLP into the body will trigger an immune response, but a person will not experience any symptoms of the virus they are being vaccinated against. 
✅Once the body has had an immune response to the VLP, it will recognize the virus and prevent infection in the future, giving people immunity to that particular virus.

?Structure:
✅VLPs are very small, with a particle radius of approximately 20 to 200 nm. This means that they can easily enter the lymph nodes, where the immune system is activated in the case of an infection.
✅A VLP consists of one or more structural proteins that can be arranged in multiple layers.
✅They can also contain an outer lipid envelope, which is the outermost layer that covers a large number of different viruses.  This outer layer protects the genetic material inside the virus particle.
Creating a VLP vaccine can use bacterial, yeast, insect or mammalian cells. 
✅When used as a vaccine, VLPs cause a robust immunogenic response due to their high-density display of epitopes and the capacity to present multiple proteins to the immune system.
✅Most recently, VLPs have been employed as nanomachinesto deliver pharmaceutically active products to specific sites and into specific cells in the body.

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