#Geography **✅*Wet Bulb temperature- Heat waves- Impact

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**✅*Gs-1 : Geography- Tides in lakes

⚠️Direct Factual Pointers: What to focus on?

⚜️Gravity & Tides: Basic science that tides are primarily caused by gravitational forces of the sun and moon.
🅾️How can this be used in prelims?- A question could mention a landlocked sea, asking if it would have larger tides than a lake due to being part of the ocean system- just note that even if landlocked, a sea is part of the larger interconnected ocean system. This allows for a greater volume of water to be affected by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun*.Examples-Mediterranean Sea: Has noticeable tides, though smaller than the connected Atlantic Ocean, due to its size and being partially enclosed.

*⚜️Caspian Sea*- has very minimal tides due to being almost entirely landlocked and relatively small in volume compared to true oceans.

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**✅*Gs-1 : Geography-

🅾️Context : El Nino and Southern Africa-El Nino is a weather pattern that can cause extreme weather conditions, including droughts, in various parts of the world. Southern Africa is particularly vulnerable to El Nino-related droughts.

🅾️El Nino explained- Impact on India- Click here 🅾️What is Drought and its types?- Click here ⚜️Ex : 2021 Madagascar Food Crisis- Click here🅾️Reasons for droughts- Click here 🔰Conceptual Background:

⚜️Climate Change and Natural Disasters: The increasing frequency and severity of droughts are linked to climate change, which disproportionately affects poorer countries and those heavily reliant on agriculture.
⚜️Fragility of Food Systems:***

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#Geography **✅*How are geysers formed?- An infographic

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**✅*Gs-1 : Geography- Water resources- Ashok Gulati article

🅾️How to conserve water at global level- We discussed this here 🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - C***lick here**⚠️Subscribe to VK IAS's YouTube channel : Click here and join the VK IAS channel**

#Geography #Placesinnews #IR

✅Gulf of Tonkin

*🅾️Context : It is A body of water in the northwest part of the South China Sea.China has set a baseline in the Gulf, which is a way to claim territory in the sea.Vietnam is concerned because this overlaps with their claims in the South China Sea*

🔰Major points about the Gulf of Tonkin:

*⚜️1. Location-* See the map

*⚜️2. Borders:* The Gulf is bordered by the northern coast of Vietnam to the west and northwest, China’s Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region to the north, and the Leizhou Peninsula and Hainan Island to the east.

*⚜️3. Rivers:* Red River AKA Yuan River in Chinese is found here

*⚜️4. Major Ports:* Haiphong and Ben Thuy in Northern Vietnam, and Beihai (Pakhoi) in China.

*🛑Also read about*

*⚜️1. Paracel Islands- Click here ⚜️2. Salami Slicing strategy-* Click here

*⚜️3. UN bodies- UNCLOS-* Click here

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#Geography#Placesinnews#IR **✅*Neduntheevu, Nainativu and Analaitivu islands

🅾️What?- Neduntheevu (Delft Island), Nainativu (Nagadeepa) and Analaitivu are three islands located in the Palk Strait, off the coast of Jaffna Peninsula in Sri Lanka.

🅾️Security threat- used by smugglers and terrorists in the past. This poses a security threat to both Sri Lanka and India.

🅾️Spiritual relevance?- Nagapooshani Amman- one of the 51 shakti peethas is here in Nainativu Island. Also home for ‘Nagadeeda Vihare’- a place believed to be visited by Buddha- 🅾️In March 2024, India and Sri Lanka signed an agreement to construct hybrid renewable energy systems on the three islands***

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#Geography#Placesinnews#IR **✅*Eastern Congo crisis- Rwandan Genocide-current crisis in North Kivu province

🅾️Context : Belgian colonial rule in Rwanda was between1916-1962. There were two tribes- Tutsi, the minority which was favored by belgium and Majority- Hutu. This created resentment and a power struggle upon independence.

🅾️A Hutu revolution in 1959 overthrew the Tutsi monarchy, forcing many Tutsis to flee as refugees.

🅾️In 1990- The Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF), a Tutsi rebel group formed by refugees, launched a civil war in 1990.

🅾️First and Second Congo Wars (1996-97, 1998-2003): Stemming from the Rwandan genocide aftermath, involved multiple African nations, fueled by ethnic conflict and resource competition.

🅾️M23: A Tutsi-led Congolese rebel group formed in 2012, claiming to protect Tutsis

🅾️Accusations: Congo claims Rwandan support for M23, including troops, arms, and funding.

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**✅Gs*****-3 : Climate change- Ocean warming - Reasons- Consequences

⚠️V. IMP- prelims concept- What is Ocean stratification?- Click here 🎖VK IAS subject wise channels - C***lick here**⚠️Subscribe to VK IAS's YouTube channel : Click here and join the VK IAS channel**

**✅*Gs-1 : Geography-Climate change

🅾️Context : Kashmir's winter tourism, especially in Gulmarg, is suffering due to a lack of snowfall this season.

➡️Why?

⚜️Fewer Western Disturbances
⚜️Rising temperatures
⚜️El Niño event
⚜️Change in atmospheric circulation
⚜️Reduced precipitation
⚜️Climate change impacts
⚜️Shift in weather patterns
⚜️Impact of global warming
⚜️Decrease in glacier volume
⚜️Alterations in hydroelectricity generation and water supply
⚜️Changing hydrological cycles

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