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Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest1️⃣ Climatic Conditions✔️ Annual rainfall exceeds 250 cm
✔️ The annual temperature is about 25°-27°C
✔️ The average annual humidity exceeds 77 per cent and
✔️ The dry season is distinctly short.

2️⃣ Characteristics✔️ Evergreen: Due to high heat and high humidity, the trees of these forests do not shed their leaves together Mesosphytic: Plants adopted to neither too dry nor too wet type climate
✔️ Lofty: The trees often reach 45 – 60 metres in height.
✔️ Thick Canopy: From the air, the tropical rain forest appears like a thick canopy of foliage, broken only where it is crossed by large rivers or cleared for cultivation.
✔️ All plants struggle upwards (most ephiphytes) for sunlight resulting in a peculiar layer arrangement. The entire morphology looks like a green carpet when viewed from above.

3️⃣ Distribution✔️ Western side of the Western Ghats (500 to 1370 metres above sea level).
✔️ Some regions in the Purvanchal hills.
✔️ In the Andaman and Nicobar Islands

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The Indus System is one of the largest river basins of the world. Its basin covers a massive area of more than a million square kms.

- The Indus river basin stretches from the Himalayan mountains in the north to the dry alluvial plains of Sindh province in Pakistan in the south.

- India is named after the River Indus. One of the greatest ancient civilizations flourished along Indus named the Indus Valley Civilization. It is also called Sindhu in ancient time, the meaning of Sindhu is a “large body of water, sea, or ocean”.

- River Dolphin is one of the rarest mammals on earth only found in the Indus River. It was declared as the State aquatic animal in February 2019 by Punjab government.

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It was signed in Karachi on 19 September 1960 by Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and Pakistani President Ayub Khan. The World Bank, as the third party, played an important role in crafting the IWT.

The Treaty gives control over the waters of the three "eastern rivers" — the Beas, Ravi and Sutlej to India, while control over the waters of the three "western rivers" — the Indus, Chenab and Jhelum to Pakistan. India has about 20% of the total water carried by the Indus system while Pakistan has 80%.

The treaty allows India to use the western river waters for limited irrigation use and unlimited non-consumptive use for such applications as power generation, navigation, floating of property, fish culture, etc.

The Treaty is considered to be one of the most successful watersharing arrangements in the world.

There is a water-distribution treaty between India and Pakistan regarding sharing the water of River Indus and its five major Indian tributaries, Chenab, Jhelum, Beas, Ravi and Sutlej.

According to the agreement, the control over the water of the three western rivers, Indus, Jhelum and Chenab, was given to Pakistan while that of the three eastern rivers, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej, was given to India.

The Indus river originates from the Bokhar Chu (glacier) in the Tibetan region in northern slopes of Mt. Kailash. In Tibet, it is known as ‘Singi Khamban; or Lion’s mouth.The Indus basin extends over  China (Tibet), India, Afghanistan and Pakistan .

It enters into Pakistan near Chillar in the Dardistan region.

Its left-bank tributary in Ladakh is the Zanskar River and Panjnad River which itself has five major tributaries, namely the Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers. Its principal right-bank tributaries are the Shyok, Gilgit, Kabul, Kurram, and Gomal rivers.

Some important dams on Indus river are Baglihar Dam, Bhakra Dam india, Chamera Dam, Nathpa Jhakri Dam, Ranjit Sagar Dam etc.

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The Indus is second among a group of ten rivers responsible for about 90% of all the plastic that reaches the oceans, after the Yangtze River.

Vegetation and wildlife of the Indus delta are threatened by the reduced inflow of fresh water, along with extensive deforestation, industrial pollution and global warming.

Large scale diversion of water for irrigation  is increasing soil salinization, reducing crop yields and in some cases rendering farmland useless for cultivation.

Civil Services year-wise Seats

CSE 2011.....910
CSE 2012....998
CSE 2013....1228
CSE 2014....1364
CSE 2015 .....1164
CSE 2016......1079
CSE 2017......980
CSE 2018......782
CSE 2019......896
CSE 2020......796
CSE 2021......712
CSE 2022.... 1011
CSE 2023..... 1105

?Artificial Lakes in India

1. Bhojtal : MP
2. Gobind Sagar : HP (Bhakra Nagal)
3. Jaisamand Lake : Udaipur RJ ,2nd largest artificial in Asia .
4. Barapani Lake : Shillong
5. Bhimtal Lake : Uttarakhand
6. Hirakund Lake : Odisha
7. Rana Pratap Sagar : RJ , Chambal Valley project
8. Nagarjuna Sagar : TL
9. Kodaikanal : TN
10. GB Pant : UP

*☑️ Important Ancient Indian History Notes ☑️
==============================*Prithvisena I who was the son of Rudrasena I, Spent most of his time in consolidating his kingdom. He formed an alliance with Chandragupta II, and together they defeated the Shaka satraps of Malwa and Kathiawar.

The Buddha images found in Mathura were different from Sarnath in several ways. The dated stone image of a seated Tirthankara belonging to 432 CE which was excavated at Mathura was also different from the seated figurines of preceding centuries.

Halivakara during the Gupta period probably refers to plough tax. The Gupta period saw an increase in land taxes but the number of trade and commerce taxes decreased.

The empire of Chandragupta II included even the north-western India and Bengal as indicated by iron pillar inscription at Mehrauli in Delhi. He assumed the title of Vikramaditya which means the one who is as powerful as the sun.

Samudragupta issued coins showing him playing veena. Samudragupta celebrated his conquests by performing ashvamedha sacrifices or horse sacrifice. He also issued ashvamedha coins which portrayed the scene of the sacrifice.

Chandragupta – I claimed the title of maharajadhiraja (king of kings). He married a Lichchhavai princess. He was the son and successor of Ghatotkacha and was definitely a strong ruler.

Chandragupta – I reign started in c. 319 and lasted till 335/336 CE. He was the first important king of the Gupta Dynasty. He laid the foundations of the Gupta empire.

Kushan dynasty was founded by Kujula Kadphises or Kadphises I in the first century CE. Kanishka was the most famous of the Kushan kings and Vasudeva II  was the last Kushan emperor who ruled from 275 CE–300 CE.

Kanishka I or Kanishka the Great, was the most famous king of the Kushana Empire. He ruled the Kushan dynasty in the second century. He adopted the title ‘Devputra’ and has been shown wearing a ‘peaked helmet’ on some of his coins.

The Kushanas who were also called Guishuang in various Chinese texts and were one of the five tribes of Yueh-Chi or Yuezhi. Kujula Kadphises was the first Yueh Chi chief who crossed the Hindukush Mountains and founded the Kushana Empire.

Borrowed Features of Indian Constitution
From- U.K.
1. Nominal Head – President (like Queen)

1. Post of Prime Minister

2. Parliamentary Type of Govt.

3. Bicameral Parliament

4. Lower House more powerful

5. Single Citizenship

6. Speaker in Lok Sabha

7. Cabinet System of Ministers

From- U.S.A Written Constitution
1. Written Constitution

1. Vice President as the exoffice Chairman of Rajya Sabha

2. Fundamental Rights

3. Supreme Court

4. Provision of States

5. Independence of Judiciary and

6. judicial review

7. Preamble

8. Removal of the Supreme court and High court Judges

From-  USSR
1. Fundamental Duties

1. Five year Plan

From - AUSTRALIA
1. Concurrent list

1. Language of the preamble

2. Provision regarding trade, commerce and intercourse

From - JAPAN
1. Law on which the Supreme Court function

From -GERMANY
1. Suspension of Fundamental Rights during the emergency

From - CANADA
1. Scheme of federation with a strong centre

1. Distribution of powers between the centre and the states and placing. Residuary Powers with the centre

From IRELAND
1. Concept of Directive Principles of States Policy(Ireland borrowed it from SPAIN)

1. Method of election of President Nomination of members in the Rajya Sabha by the President

?[आपको किस Exam की Notes चाहिए.?

☞ SSC

☞ RRB

☞ BANK

☞ UPSC

☞ STATE

☞ DEFENCE

? Others Exam... ✍️](https://t.me/+T-5y-3UNgzA5MjI1)
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?List of countries by length of coastline

1) Canada's coastline is world's longest, measuring 202,080 km (includes the mainland coast and the coasts of offshore islands)
2) Indonesia (99,083 km)
3) Norway (58,133 km)
4) Greenland (44,087 km)
5) Russia (37,653 km)
6) Philippines (36,289 km)
7) Japan (29,751 km)
8) Australia (25,760 km)
9) United States (19,924 km)
10) Antarctica (17,968 km)
11) New Zealand (15, 134 km)
12) China (14,500 km)
13) Greece (13,676 km)
14) United Kingdom (12,429 km)
15) Mexico (9330 km)
16) Italy (7782 km)
17) India (7516km)