ठीक 5 मिनट बाद लिंक डिलीट होगा जल्दी जुड़े l

Q. आप किस परीक्षा की तैयारी कर रहे हैं?
Q. Which exam are you prepared?

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☑️ SANGAM TEXTS

➥ *The Sangam texts are a collection of ancient Tamil literature, consisting of poems and songs from the Sangam period in South India (approximately 300 BCE to 300 CE). These texts are valuable for understanding the cultural, social, and economic aspects of that time.

? Here are key points for UPSC exams:↴↴

1. Three Phases of Sangam Literature:*➛

☞ Early Sangam (300 BCE - 200 CE): The earliest phase with lost works, known through later references.

☞ Middle Sangam (200 CE - 600 CE): Tolkappiyam, a grammar text, belongs to this period. Many poems were composed during this time.

☞ Later Sangam (600 CE - 900 CE): Characterized by decline, and fewer works have survived.

2. Tolkappiyam:➛ *☞ Oldest extant work on Tamil grammar, providing insights into the language's structure and usage.

☞ Divided into three books – Ezhuttadikaram (on phonetics), Collatikaram (on poetics), and Porulatikaram (on philosophy).

3. Sangam Poetry:➛

☞ Genres: Akam (inner) and Puram (outer) poems. Akam focuses on love and personal emotions, while Puram deals with war, kingship, and external matters.

➥ Five Sangam Anthologies (Ettuthokai):➛ 1. Narrinai
2. Kuruntokai
3. Ainkurunuru
4. Akananuru
5. Pattupattu

4. Themes in Sangam Poetry:➛ ☞ Love and Nature: Akam poems often depict love in natural settings, emphasizing the connection between human emotions and the environment.

☞ War and Valor: Puram poems celebrate heroism, valor, and the glory of kings and warriors.

5. Pattupattu:➛
☞ Ten Idylls or Decads: Narrate stories of the ancient Tamil kings and their heroic deeds. Examples include Silappadikaram and Manimekalai.

6. Silappadikaram:➛
☞ Author: Ilango Adigal.
☞ Content: A narrative epic that combines love, virtue, and justice. It's one of the Five Great Epics of Tamil literature.

7. Aim of Sangam Society:➛

☞ Welfare: Sangam literature reflects a society that valued justice, charity, and the welfare of the people.

8. Decline of Sangam Literature:➛
☞ Factors like invasions, changes in political landscapes, and social transformations contributed to the decline of the Sangam period.*

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[**(A) ह्यूमरस

(B) फीमर

(C) स्टीपीज

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Q. आप किस परीक्षा की तैयारी कर रहे हैं?
Q. Which exam are you prepared?

⏺Q. भारतीय संविधान को कितने भागों में विभाजित किया गया है ?

[**[A] 16

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[C] 22

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⚔ CHANDRAGUPTA MAURYA ⚔

➥ Chandragupta Maurya was an important figure in ancient Indian history, and his reign marked a significant period in the Indian subcontinent.

?Here are some key points about Chandragupta Maurya that students shouldn't be missed ↴↴

1. Founder of the Maurya Empire: ➛

☞ Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Maurya dynasty, which became one of the most powerful empires in ancient India.

2. Reign Period: ➛

☞ He ruled from approximately 322 BCE to 298 BCE.

3. Alliance with Chanakya (Kautilya): ➛

☞ He was guided and assisted by Chanakya (also known as Kautilya), a brilliant political strategist and economist, in establishing his empire.

4. Defeated the Nanda Dynasty: ➛

☞ With the help of Chanakya, Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the ruling Nanda dynasty to establish his own empire.

5. Extent of the Maurya Empire: ➛
☞ At its height, the Maurya Empire covered a large part of the Indian subcontinent, including modern-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and parts of Afghanistan.

6. Administrative Reforms: ➛

☞ Chandragupta implemented various administrative reforms, including a centralized bureaucracy and a system of provinces and districts. He also established a complex network of spies to maintain control over his vast empire.

7. Contribution to Economy: ➛

☞ He is known for his efforts in building a prosperous economy. Chandragupta Maurya's reign saw the introduction of standard weights and measures, which facilitated trade and commerce.

8. Foreign Relations: ➛

☞ Chandragupta Maurya maintained diplomatic relations with various contemporary powers, including the Seleucid Empire under Emperor Seleucus I Nicator.

9. Conversion to Jainism: ➛

☞ Later in his life, Chandragupta Maurya is believed to have renounced his throne and converted to Jainism, becoming an ascetic.

10. Successors: ➛

☞ He abdicated the throne in favor of his son Bindusara, who continued the expansion of the Maurya Empire.