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- B) GFP (Green Fluorescent Protein)
- C) Luciferase
- D) All of the above
- Correct Answer: D) All of the above

1. Which technique is used to measure the expression of multiple genes simultaneously? - A) Northern blotting
   - B) Microarray
   - C) Western blotting
   - D) Gel electrophoresis
   - Correct Answer: B) Microarray

2. What is the role of a DNA probe in hybridization techniques? - A) To cut DNA
   - B) To amplify DNA
   - C) To bind to a specific DNA sequence
   - D) To sequence DNA
   - Correct Answer: C) To bind to a specific DNA sequence

3. Which of the following is a method for amplifying RNA? - A) PCR
   - B) RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription PCR)
   - C) Southern blotting
   - D) Gel electrophoresis
   - Correct Answer: B) RT-PCR

4. What is the purpose of using a heat-stable DNA polymerase in PCR? - A) To prevent denaturation
   - B) To allow repeated cycles of DNA synthesis
   - C) To cut DNA at specific sites
   - D) To transcribe RNA into DNA
   - Correct Answer: B) To allow repeated cycles of DNA synthesis

5. Which of the following is NOT a vector used in gene therapy? - A) Adenovirus
   - B) Retrovirus
   - C) Plasmid
   - D) Chloroplast
   - Correct Answer: D) Chloroplast

6. Which of the following methods can be used to detect the presence of specific RNA sequences? - A) Northern blotting
   - B) Southern blotting
   - C) Western blotting
   - D) PCR
   - Correct Answer: A) Northern blotting

7. Which of the following is the first step in DNA isolation? - A) DNA purification
   - B) Cell lysis
   - C) DNA amplification
   - D) Electrophoresis
   - Correct Answer: B) Cell lysis

8. Which of the following enzymes is used to synthesize cDNA from mRNA? - A) RNA polymerase
   - B) DNA polymerase
   - C) Reverse transcriptase
   - D) Ligase
   - Correct Answer: C) Reverse transcriptase

9. What is the function of an origin of replication (ori) in a plasmid vector? - A) To initiate transcription
   - B) To initiate replication
   - C) To bind to a specific DNA sequence
   - D) To insert the plasmid into the host genome
   - Correct Answer: B) To initiate replication

10. In DNA sequencing, what is the role of dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs)? - A) To extend the DNA chain
    - B) To terminate DNA chain elongation
    - C) To cut DNA at specific sequences
    - D) To ligate DNA fragments
    - Correct Answer: B) To terminate DNA chain elongation

1. Which of the following techniques is used to amplify a specific segment of DNA? - A) Southern blotting
   - B) Northern blotting
   - C) PCR
   - D) Western blotting
   - Correct Answer: C) PCR

2. Which enzyme is responsible for cutting DNA at specific sequences? - A) DNA ligase
   - B) DNA polymerase
   - C) Restriction enzyme
   - D) Reverse transcriptase
   - Correct Answer: C) Restriction enzyme

3. What is the primary purpose of gel electrophoresis in DNA technology? - A) To amplify DNA
   - B) To separate DNA fragments by size
   - C) To clone DNA
   - D) To sequence DNA
   - Correct Answer: B) To separate DNA fragments by size

4. In which phase of the PCR cycle does DNA denaturation occur? - A) Extension
   - B) Annealing
   - C) Denaturation
   - D) Elongation
   - Correct Answer: C) Denaturation

5. What is the function of DNA ligase in recombinant DNA technology? - A) To cut DNA
   - B) To synthesize DNA
   - C) To join DNA fragments
   - D) To degrade DNA
   - Correct Answer: C) To join DNA fragments

6. Which of the following is a common vector used in genetic engineering? - A) mRNA
   - B) Plasmid
   - C) Protein
   - D) Lipid
   - Correct Answer: B) Plasmid

7. The process of introducing foreign DNA into a cell is known as: - A) Transformation
   - B) Transcription
   - C) Translation
   - D) Transduction
   - Correct Answer: A) Transformation

8. Which of the following methods can be used to introduce recombinant DNA into plant cells? - A) Electroporation
   - B) Microinjection
   - C) Gene gun
   - D) All of the above
   - Correct Answer: D) All of the above

9. What type of enzyme is used to convert RNA into DNA? - A) DNA polymerase
   - B) RNA polymerase
   - C) Restriction enzyme
   - D) Reverse transcriptase
   - Correct Answer: D) Reverse transcriptase

10. Which of the following is a technique for identifying specific DNA sequences in a mixture? - A) PCR
    - B) Gel electrophoresis
    - C) Southern blotting
    - D) Western blotting
    - Correct Answer: C) Southern blotting

11. Which of the following is a cloning vector commonly used in bacteria? - A) Bacteriophage
    - B) Plasmid
    - C) Cosmid
    - D) Yeast artificial chromosome (YAC)
    - Correct Answer: B) Plasmid

12. Which of the following is a method for detecting the presence of specific proteins? - A) Southern blotting
    - B) Northern blotting
    - C) Western blotting
    - D) PCR
    - Correct Answer: C) Western blotting

13. Which of the following is an application of recombinant DNA technology? - A) Gene therapy
    - B) DNA fingerprinting
    - C) Production of insulin
    - D) All of the above
    - Correct Answer: D) All of the above

14. The CRISPR-Cas9 system is primarily used for: - A) DNA sequencing
    - B) Gene editing
    - C) Protein synthesis
    - D) RNA interference
    - Correct Answer: B) Gene editing

15. Which of the following is a method for introducing DNA into animal cells? - A) Transformation
    - B) Transfection
    - C) Conjugation
    - D) Translation
    - Correct Answer: B) Transfection

16. Which of the following is NOT a step in the PCR process? - A) Denaturation
    - B) Annealing
    - C) Extension
    - D) Transcription
    - Correct Answer: D) Transcription

17. Which of the following is a method used to separate and purify DNA fragments? - A) Centrifugation
    - B) Gel electrophoresis
    - C) Chromatography
    - D) Dialysis
    - Correct Answer: B) Gel electrophoresis

18. Which of the following is used to transfer DNA fragments from a gel to a membrane in Southern blotting? - A) Hybridization
    - B) Electrophoresis
    - C) Blotting
    - D) Ligation
    - Correct Answer: C) Blotting

19. In gene cloning, the DNA fragment to be cloned is inserted into a: - A) Host cell
    - B) Vector
    - C) Chromosome
    - D) Protein
    - Correct Answer: B) Vector

20. Which of the following is an example of a reporter gene? - A) LacZ

a) The antibiotic inhibits bacterial growth.
b) The antibiotic kills bacteria.
c) The antibiotic prevents bacterial resistance.
d) The antibiotic enhances bacterial metabolism.
Answer: b) The antibiotic kills bacteria.

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### 35. Which of the following drugs is NOT typically used in the treatment of bacterial infections?
a) Penicillin
b) Erythromycin
c) Acyclovir
d) Ciprofloxacin
Answer: c) Acyclovir

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### 36. Which antimicrobial class is known to inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall?
a) Macrolides
b) β-lactams
c) Aminoglycosides
d) Fluoroquinolones
Answer: b) β-lactams

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### 37. Resistance to which antibiotic is most commonly associated with the alteration of penicillin-binding proteins?
a) Vancomycin
b) Amoxicillin
c) Methicillin
d) Tetracycline
Answer: c) Methicillin

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### 38. Which of the following drugs can cause a red-man syndrome as a side effect?
a) Erythromycin
b) Vancomycin
c) Tetracycline
d) Ciprofloxacin
Answer: b) Vancomycin

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### 39. Which antimicrobial drug works by binding to bacterial RNA polymerase?
a) Penicillin
b) Rifampin
c) Vancomycin
d) Chloramphenicol
Answer: b) Rifampin

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### 40. What is the mechanism of action for sulfonamide drugs?
a) They disrupt bacterial cell membranes.
b) They inhibit DNA gyrase.
c) They inhibit folic acid synthesis.
d) They inhibit protein synthesis.
Answer: c) They inhibit folic acid synthesis.

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