UPSC History Notes📚****

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🔆Origin of Schools of Buddhism

The origin of the various Schools of Buddhism lies in the rich historical narrative that succeeded the passing of Gautama Buddha around 483 BCE. This section, focusing on the 'Origin of Schools of Buddhism,' would enlighten us about the circumstances that led to the formation of these diverse traditions. The major schools of Buddhism are as follows:

✅Theravada Buddhism
✅Mahayana Buddhism
✅Vajrayana Buddhism

📍Theravada Buddhism
✅Theravada Buddhism is the oldest and most conservative school of Buddhism. It is also known as "The Way of the Elders" or "The Ancient Teaching."
✅Theravada Buddhism is based on the teachings of the Buddha as recorded in the Pali Canon.
✅ Theravada Buddhists believe that the goal of Buddhism is to achieve arhatship. This means liberation from the cycle of rebirth (samsara).

📍Mahayana Buddhism
✅Mahayana Buddhism is the most widely practiced school of Buddhism. It is also known as "The Great Vehicle."
✅Mahayana Buddhism is based on the teachings of the Buddha as well as on a later body of Mahayana sutras.
✅Mahayana Buddhists believe that the goal of Buddhism is to achieve Buddhahood. It means to attain the state of complete enlightenment.

📍Vajrayana Buddhism
✅Vajrayana Buddhism is the most esoteric school of Buddhism. It is also known as "The Diamond Way" or "The Secret Mantra Tradition."

✅Vajrayana Buddhism is based on the teachings of the Buddha as well as on a later body of Vajrayana tantras. Vajrayana Buddhists believe that the goal of Buddhism is to achieve Buddhahood as quickly as possible. This is through the use of powerful mantras and rituals.

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*▪️*INDIAN LITERATURE:

✅Rig Veda: Prayers of God
✅Sam Veda: Songs, 1st book of music,
✅Yajur Veda: Ritual processes
✅Atharva Veda: not written by Aryans; book on magic
✅Brahmans: Explanations of Vedas
✅Aranyaks: Forest books,
✅Upanishads: Metaphysical;
✅Puranas: Stories of kings
✅Epics: Ramayana, Mahabharata
✅Plays: by Kalidas etc.

▪️FOREIGN ITERATURE:

✅Magasthenes(G): Indica
Valuable information on Admin and socio-economic conditions of Mauryas.

✅Ptolemy(G): Geography of India
Geographical treatise on India in 2nd Century AD

✅Pliny(G): Naturakus Historia
Accounts trade relations between Rome and India in 1st Century AD

✅Anonymous(G) :Periplus of the Erythrean Sea
Records personal voyage of Indian coasts in 80 A.D.

✅Fa-Hien(C): Record of the Buddhist Countries
Records the Gupta Empire in the 5th Century AD

✅Hiuen Tsang(C): Buddhist Records of the Western World
Describes the social, economic and religious conditions of India in the 5th and 7th Century AD. (Harshvardhan)

✅I-tsing(C) : A record of the Buddhists religion as practiced in India and Malay Archipelago.
Studies the Gupta period under Sri Gupta in the 7th Century AD.

✅Hwuili(C): Life of Hiuen Tsang
Accounts Hiuen Tsang's travel in India.

▪️Other:

✅ Visakha Datta: Mudra Rakshas; Gupta period, Chanakya-Chandragupta story
✅Dipavamsa n Mahavamsa: Buddhist books written in Sri Lanka, Ashoka spread
✅ Divyavadan: Tibetan Buddhist book, Ashoka spread#ancient_history#prelims Join** @Upsc_4_history

🔆Fort Emmanuel:

✅It is a ruined fort located at Fort Kochi Beach in Kochi, Kerala.
✅It was originally built in 1503 and reinforced in 1538.
✅It was a symbol of the strategic alliance
between the Maharajah of Kochi and the Monarch of Portugal, after whom it was named.
✅It was a massive structure, and the entire township was within its confines.
✅It greatly helped in strengthening the Portuguese occupation of the area.
✅Fort Kochi remained
in Portuguese possession until 1683, when the Dutch colonial troops captured the territory and destroyed the Portuguese institutions.
✅The Dutch held the fort in their possession until 1795, when the British took control by defeating the Dutch. 
✅By 1806, the Dutch, and later the British, had destroyed most of the fort walls and its bastions.
✅Foreign control of Fort Kochi ended in 1947 with Indian independence.
✅Now only the remains of this fort exist, reminding us of its historic significance.

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#prelims

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Last Day For Registration 👆

*🔆*Evolution of Civil services in India:

1. Cornwallis ( 1786-93) first to organise .

2. Wellesley ( 1798-1805)
   A. Fort William college for new recruits
   B. 1806- Disapproved ( by Court of Directors)
   C. East India College at Haileybury in England

3. 1853- Open competition

4. Indian Civil Service Act, 1861:
   A. Age: 23 (1859), 22 ( 1860), 21 ( 1866), 19 ( 1878)
   B. 1863- Satyendra Nath Tagore became first Indian to qualify

5. Statutory civil service (1878-79: Lytton)
   A. 1/6th covenanted post to Indians through nominations ( system failed and abolished)

6. Aitchison Committee on Public Services ( 1886) - Dufferin
   A. Drop covenanted and uncovenanted
   B. Imperial Indian Civil service ( Exam- England), Provincial Civil Service ( exam- India),
   Subordinate Civil Service ( Exam- India)
   C. Raising Age limit to 23

7. Montford Reforms 1919:
   A. 1/3rd recruitment in India itself- to be raised annually by 1.5%

8. Lee Commission 1924:
   A. Direct recruit. To ICS on basis of 50:50 parity to be reached in 15 yrs
   B. Public Service Commission to be established ( as laid in GoI Act,1919)

9. GoI Act, 1935:
   A. Establishment of Federal Public Service Commission and Provincial Public Service Commission#ModernIndia#prelims#mains Join** @Upsc_4_history

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