**✅*Gs-2 : IR- Military trends in Geopolitics

✅Gs-4 : Ethics- Ethical Use of AI in warfare- REAIM process

⚠️This is a very imp article - IE ?️India's stance:
??Engaged in civilian AI development & safety
??"Watch-and-wait" mode on military AI, yet to fully engage

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**✅*Gs-2 : IR- India- Singapore relations

?️In 2021, India launched a ₹76,000 crore incentive scheme to boost semiconductor manufacturing, offering 50% capital expenditure subsidy.

?️Singapore’s Semiconductor Journey=The country has a well-developed semiconductor industry, initiated under PM Lee Kuan Yew.By the early 1980s, semiconductors contributed to 7% of Singapore’s GDP and 20% of manufacturing jobs.

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**✅Gs1 - Geography-Mines and Minerals- Rare Earths- Why are they called critical minerals?- Ex: Read this *✅Gs-2 : IR- India- Africa Relations- THE LAND OF THE FUTURE-

?️Central Premise: India’s Critical Mineral Mission has the potential to strengthen ties with Africa

?️Africa’s Strategic Role: Africa holds 30% of the world’s known critical mineral reserves.Chinese companies maintain a significant presence in African mineral markets, e.g., Democratic Republic of Congo's infrastructure deal.India could engage with African Green Mineral Strategy initiatives for Africa’s industrialisation.

⚠️Prelims info :

⚜️KHANIJ BIDESH INDIA LTD- CLick here ⚜️Major producers of lithium-Click here ⚜️Catamarca Province, Argentina-*** CLick here

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**✅*Gs-2 : IR- New Caledonia.

?️Context : The Kanak Socialist National Liberation Front (FLNKS) urged French President Emmanuel Macron to abandon plans to modify the electoral reform in New Caledonia. Protests and riots erupted in response to the French parliament’s decision to amend the voters' list.

?️Keep a note on Matignon agreements of 1988.

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**✅Gs-2 : IR- IMEC- Issues and solution.**

**?️During the course of Gazar war, the Houthis in Yemen have blocked the ships of Israel and its western allies from accessing the Red Sea, despite naval deployment by the U.S. Navy and Europe. As a result, Israel and its western allies have been forced to take the longer route across the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa, increasing shipping time and costs.- Click here
*?️What is the point made here?- Overcoming missing links and insulating IMEC from regional conflicts is essential for its success as a trade facilitator across regions- For this Oman provides an alternative route, with its ports accessible from the Arabian Sea, avoiding the Persian Gulf region. Read about India Oman relations- Click here
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**✅*Gs-2- IR : India- Iran relations- Explainer

?️Background- Chabahar port issue ⚡️VK IAS subject wise channels -*** Click here**⚠️Youtube : Click here and join the VK IAS channel**

*✅Gs-2 : IR*

*?Question : Examine the evolution and significance of India's defence diplomacy in the context of contemporary global geopolitics. Discuss how it aligns with the broader objectives of India's national security and foreign policy, particularly in relation to emerging challenges and opportunities on the international stage*.

*?️Context : Historical development of India's defense diplomacy since the early years of independence*.

*?️Strategic Importance: Defense diplomacy is crucial for safeguarding Indian interests abroad, particularly in volatile geopolitical environments.*

?️These diplomatic endeavors are aligned with broader national security objectives, aiming to protect and promote India's interests on the global stage

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✅Gs-2 : IR- India- EFTA

**?️Context : India-European Free Trade Association signed a Trade and Economic Partnership Agreement (TEPA)on 10th March 2024-EFTA countries = Switzerland, Iceland, Norway & Liechtenstein

⚡️For the first time in history of FTAs, binding commitment of $100 bn investment and 1 million direct jobs in the next 15 years has been given. The agreement will give a boost to Make in India and provide opportunities to young & talented workforce. The FTA will provide a window to Indian exporters to access large European and global markets

?️What are the lessons that we can learn here?- This article is a very important one for this mains!

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#IR **✅*NATO

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*✅*Gs-2 : IR- UNSC resolutions on GAZA

?️Context:** The Israel-Palestine Conflict

⚡️Mains question : Role of the UN: Are UN mechanisms effective in resolving complex conflicts with powerful players involved? What alternative approaches could be explored?

⚠️ISSUES

1. International Law vs. Realpolitik- UN Security Council resolutions are legally binding on member states (including Israel and Palestine). However, the Council has limited power to enforce these resolutions. Powerful nations within the Council (like the US) can block or weaken action, undermining international law.

2. The Limitations of the Resolution: The resolution focuses on humanitarian aid, not core issues fueling the conflict. Israel may use loopholes in the wording to continue restricting aid access..

*⚠️Problems with India- Israel- Dehyphenation policy*- Read this

✅Gs2-IR/PSIR channel link : https://t.me/UPSC_PSIR_IR

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