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✅Gs-1 : Indian History- Art and culture- IVC script controversy

🅾️Why is Deciphering the Indus Script Important?What Makes the Indus Script Difficult to Decipher?

⚜️Absence of a bilingual inscription, like the Rosetta Stone.
⚜️Lack of clarity on whether it represents a full-fledged language or proto-writing.
⚜️The possibility that the script lacks phonetic components (sounds linked to symbols).

🔰Studies found that 90% of Indus symbols are also present in Tamil Nadu artifacts, suggesting a continuity or cultural exchange.

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✅Durgadi Fort in Kalyan, Maharashtra

🅾️What?- Durgadi Fort was built during the 16th century when Kalyan was a prominent trading port under the Bijapur-based Adil Shahi Sultanate.

🅾️How did it become a Hindu site?- After the Marathas captured Kalyan in 1760, modifications were made to the fort. A temple dedicated to Goddess Durga was established. This marked the beginning of the Hindu religious association with the site. But the British took control of Kalyan in 1818. By the latter half of the 19th century, the Durga temple ceased to be a place of worship, and the idol of Goddess Durga was stolen in 1876.

🅾️Issue : Led to communal tensions.

⚠️What did the court say?- The court affirmed the Maharashtra government's ownership of the fort, allowing the state to make decisions regarding its use.

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✅Thyagaraya- Lord Rama Devotee

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✅Classical language status- 5 New classical languages.

?️ A language is considered classical if it has a recorded history of at least 1500–2000 years, has a rich heritage passed down through generations, and its literary tradition is distinct and not borrowed from another speech community.In 2005, the criteria were adjusted to lower the historical threshold to 1500 years and added a requirement that there must be a discontinuity between the classical form and its modern derivatives.

?️New Changes in 2024:The "literary tradition" clause was removed, allowing modern languages to apply. A new emphasis was placed on "knowledge texts," including prose, poetry, and inscriptions.

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✅Important literary works

?️Jayadeva’s Gita Govinda- The article discusses Jayadeva, a renowned Sanskrit poet, and his famous work Gita Govinda, which is considered a masterpiece of Sanskrit literature.

?️ Jayadeva's Gita Govinda is known for its lyrical beauty, devotional themes, and deep connection with Vaishnavism-played a crucial role in the Odissi dance and music tradition, as it introduced a new style of performance

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✅Gs-1 : Post independent History- Emergency - events that happened- impact

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✅Nalanda University- History-On June 19, 2024, Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the new campus of Nalanda University near the ancient ruins in Rajgir, Bihar.

?Prelims details :

⚜️1. Founded in the 5th century CE during the Gupta dynasty- Patron=Kumaragupta I.

⚜️2. Nalanda faced its decline and eventual destruction in the 12th century. In 1193 CE, the university was sacked and destroyed by the army of Bakhtiyar Khilji, a Turkish Muslim conqueror. The invasion led to the devastation of the campus, destruction of its libraries, and dispersal of its scholars and monks.

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