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UNIT 104. When - qachon

"When" so'zining ma'nosi qachon, qachonki va shu ma'noni anglatuvchi "da" qo'shimchasini bildiradi. Bu so'z gapning boshida kelsa, gapning birinchi bo'lagidan so'ng vergul qo'yiladi:
When I went out, it was raining - Men tashqariga chiqqanimda yomg'ir yog'ayotgan edi.
Gapning ikkala bo'lagini o'rnini almashtirsa ham ma'no o'zgarmaydi. Bu safar "when" gapning o'rtasida keladi, vergul qo'yilmaydi:
It was raining when I went out - Yomg'ir yog'ayotgan edi men tashqariga chiqqanimda.
Shuningdek "before" (oldin), "while" (davomida), "after" (keyin) so'zlari ham gapda yuqoridagidek shaklda bo'ladi:
While I was waiting for the bus, it began to rain = It began to rain while I was waiting for the bus - Men avtobus kutayotganimda yomg'ir boshladi.
When, while, before, after va until (gacha) so'zlari kelganda gap kelasi zamonda bo'lsa ham "will" qo'yilmaydi. Bitta gapning bir bo'lagida bu so'zlar kelsa, boshqa bo'lagida "will" qo'yiladi:
When I see you tomorrow, I will show you the photographs - Sizni ertaga ko'rganimda rasmlarni ko'rsataman.
"I will see you" demaymiz, chunki "when" (va shu kabi so'zlar) kelasi zamonni anglatishga kifoya qiladi.

UNIT 106. Relative clauses (1)

Ikkita gapni bittaga aylantirish uchun bizga ba'zan "relative clauses" kerak bo'ladi. Doim uchta so'zdan birini ishlatamiz: who, that, which.
Quyidagi ikkita gap:
I met a man. He can speak six languages. - Men bir kishini uchratdim. U oltita tilda gaplasha oladi.
Ikkala gapni birlashtiramiz:
I met a man who can speak six language - Men bir kishini uchratdimki oltita tilda gaplasha oladi. Yoki: Men oltita tilda gaplasha oladigan kishini uchratdim.
"He" o'rniga biz "who" so'zini ishlatdik, chunki odamlar haqida gap ketganda shu so'z ishlatiladi.
That va which so'zlari narsalar uchun ishlatiladi. Gohida "that" so'zi odamlarga ham ishlatiladi, ammo odamlarga "who"ni ishlatish afzal.
Bobur was wearing a hat. It was too big for him. - Bobur shlyapa kiyib yurgan edi. U o'ziga juda katta edi.
Ikkala gapni birlashtiramiz:
Bobur was wearing a hat which (yoki - that) was too big for him - Bobur o'ziga judayam katta shlyapani kiyib yurgan edi.
Demak shunga o'xshash gaplar uchrab qolsa, tarjima qilishda adashmasligimiz kerak:
Do you know who was playing the piano at the party - Kechada pianino chalayotgan kishini taniysizmi?
Have you seen the money that was on the table? - Stolning ustidagi pulni ko'rdingizmi?