?Casues of secondary amenorrhea:

?Pregnancy
?Breastfeeding
?Stopping the use of birth control
?Menopause
?Some birth control methods, such as Depo-Provera or certain types of intrauterine devices (IUDs)
?Stress
?Poor nutrition
?Depression
?Certain prescription drugs
?Extreme weight loss
?Over-exercising
?Ongoing illness
?Sudden weight gain or being very overweight (obesity)
?Hormonal imbalance due to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)
?Thyroid gland disorders
?Tumors on the ovaries or brain (rare)
?pituitary tumers  sella  syndrome
?premature ovarian failure
?Pure gonadal dysgensis

#Good_Luck
@obstetricsgynecology1

Enzyme inducers and contraceptive pill

A disrespectful but good #mnemonic to remember for enzyme inducers is:

CRAP GPs ??

✍ Whilst majority of GPs are absolutely fantastic, if a GP prescribes rifampicin and combined oral contraceptive pill without informing the woman of contraception failure, he may be called a Crap GP. A good GP would discuss the use of additional barrier methods, having progesterone only injections, insertion of intrauterine devices or use of increasing dose of oestrogen.

⛔ Carbamazepine
⛔ Rifampicin
⛔ Alcohol – chronic consumption
⛔ Phenytoin

⛔ Griseofulvin
⛔ Phenobarbital
⛔ sulfonylureas

#obs_and_gyneacology
〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰〰

للمزيد اشتركوا بالقناة من هنا ?
@mnemonicmedical

? لمحبين وعشاق وطلاب الجراحة والعمليات الجراحية هذه القناة ستنال اعجابكم ?
انضموا اليها ??

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Antenatal steroids
1. Dose
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Consensus Panel and the ACOG recommends

A) dexamethansone 4 mg IM × every 12 hours, for 4 doses for all women in preterm labor between 24 and 34 weeks’ gestation.

B ) betamethansone 12 mg IM × 2 doses, 24 hours apart if more than 2 weeks had passed and the gestational age was less than 33 weeks.

# Corticosteroids are not recommended for use in pregnant women who are at more than 34 weeks’ gestation unless there is an indication of fetal lung immaturity.

1. Role
   facilitate fetal lung maturation by increasing production of fetal lung surfactant, thereby reducing the incidence and severity of RDS,Antenatal corticosteroid also decreases the incidence of intraventricular hemorrhage, necrotizing enterocolitis, and neonatal death

2. Important notes
   A) The greatest reduction in RDS occurs when delivery can be delayed 24 hours up to 7 days after starting treatment.

B ) Betamethasone, however, might be the preferred agent because fewer IM injections are needed and because in meta analysis it was associated with a greater reduction in RDS compared with dexamethasone.
also in the reduction of periventricular leukomalacia, a finding associated with later risks for cerebral palsy.

1. Warning
   Repeated weekly corticosteroid courses should not be given because of the association with decreased birth weight and head circumference, hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenal axis suppression, deleterious effects on cerebral myelination and lung growth, and neonatal death .

#Ben_Ali
@obstetricsgynecology1

? Implantation Defects ‼️

?Ectopic Pregnancy :

⚪️Implantation at site other than uterine body
⚪️Most commonly fallopian tube
⚪️Can be peritoneal or ovarian
⚪️Can very quickly become a life- threatening emergency

?Placenta Previa :

?Implantation in the lower uterine segment
?Can cause haemorrhage in pregnancy
?Requires C-Section delivery

?Incomplete Invasion :

⚫️Placental insufficiency
⚫️Pre-Eclampsia

——————-
#GOOD_LUCK
@obstetricsgynecology1

??? Puerperial Pyrexia

?A clinical sign that merits careful investigation.
? A temperature of 38 oC on any 2 occasion in the first 10 days after
delivery excluding the first 24 hr.

??CAUSES :

1. Urinary tract infection

2. Genital tract infection

3. Breast infection (mastitis, abscess)

4. Deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism

5. Respiratory infection

6. Other non-obstetrics causes

7. Surgical wounds e.g. C.S.

#Good_Luck
@obstetricsgynecology1