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### 3(b)
(i) Explain the following terms associated with air movement:
- Trade winds:
Answer: Trade winds are steady winds that flow from the subtropical high-pressure areas towards the equator in both hemispheres.

- Storm:
Answer: A storm is a violent disturbance in the atmosphere, characterized by strong winds and often accompanied by rain, thunder, lightning, or snow.

---

### 3(c)
A storm moves at a speed of 2.0 × 10² m/s. It blows for 30 minutes at this constant speed. How far would the storm reach?
Answer:
First, convert 30 minutes to seconds:
30 minutes = 30 × 60 = 1800 seconds.

Now, use the formula:
Distance = speed × time
[ \text{Distance} = 2.0 × 10^2 \, \text{m/s} × 1800 \, \text{s} = 360,000 \, \text{m} ]
or 360 km.

Answer: The storm would reach 360 km.

---

### 3(d)
(i) What are radioisotopes?
Answer: Radioisotopes are unstable isotopes of elements that emit radiation as they decay to more stable forms.

(ii) State three uses of radioisotopes.
Answer:
1. Medical imaging (e.g., in PET scans).
2. Cancer treatment (radiotherapy).
3. Carbon dating to determine the age of archaeological samples.

1(a)
What are chromosomes?
Answer: Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells. They carry genetic information in the form of genes.

State three uses of DNA testing in humans.
Answer:
1. Forensic investigations (e.g., crime scene analysis).
2. Determining genetic relationships (e.g., paternity testing).
3. Diagnosing genetic disorders (e.g., Down syndrome).

---

1(b)
Name three noble gases present in the air.
Answer:
1. Helium (He)
2. Neon (Ne)
3. Argon (Ar)

Explain briefly why the noble gases are unreactive under normal conditions.
Answer: Noble gases are unreactive because they have a full valence electron shell, making them stable and unlikely to form chemical bonds with other elements.

---

1(c)
Explain the term post-harvest loss as used in crop production.
Answer: Post-harvest loss refers to the reduction in the quantity or quality of agricultural products between the time they are harvested and when they reach the consumer due to factors such as poor handling, storage, or pests.

State three precautions farmers take to minimize post-harvest losses of cereals in Ghana.
Answer:
1. Proper drying of cereals before storage.
2. Use of pest-resistant storage containers.
3. Regular inspection and treatment of stored grains.

---

### 1(d)
What is an indicator as used in electronics?
Answer: In electronics, an indicator is a device (often a light or display) that shows the state or condition of a system, such as whether a circuit is on or off.

State three applications of solar energy in everyday life.
Answer:
1. Solar water heating.
2. Solar-powered electricity generation.
3. Solar-powered street lighting.

---

### 2(a)
Give two examples of each of the following types of crops cultivated in Ghana:
- Stem tubers:
Answer: Yam, Taro
- Root tubers:
Answer: Cassava, Sweet potato
- Legumes:
Answer: Cowpeas, Groundnuts

---

### 2(b)
(i) Explain the term saponification.
Answer: Saponification is the chemical reaction between a fat or oil and a strong base, typically sodium hydroxide (NaOH), to form soap and glycerol.

(ii) State the observation that could be made when brine is added to the products of saponification.
Answer: When brine (saltwater) is added, soap precipitates out, making it easier to separate from the mixture.

---

### 2(c)
(i) What is a reflex action?
Answer: A reflex action is an automatic and rapid response to a stimulus that doesn't involve conscious thought.

(ii) Give three examples of reflex actions in the human body.
Answer:
1. Knee-jerk reflex.
2. Blinking when something comes close to the eyes.
3. Pulling hand away from a hot surface.

---

### 2(d)
State the law of conservation of energy.
Answer: The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can only be transformed from one form to another.

(ii) A cement block of mass 25 kg is placed at a height of 10 m above the ground and pushed to fall. Calculate the velocity of the block just before it touches the ground.
(g = 10 m/s²)
Using the equation of motion:
[ v^2 = u^2 + 2gh ]
where ( u = 0 ), ( g = 10 m/s^2 ), ( h = 10 m )

[
v^2 = 0 + 2 \times 10 \times 10 = 200
]
[
v = \sqrt{200} \approx 14.14 \, \text{m/s}
]

Answer: The velocity of the block just before it touches the ground is approximately 14.14 m/s.

---

### 3(a)
(i) State three causes of genetic variation in human population.
Answer:
1. Mutations in DNA.
2. Recombination during sexual reproduction.
3. Gene flow from migration.

(ii) Give two ways in which genetic variation affects organisms.
Answer:
1. It contributes to differences in physical traits.
2. It increases the adaptability of populations to changing environments.

---

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