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An aerial view of Red Fort from Jama Masjid in the 1870s vs 2010s These historic sites continue to stand tall, reflecting the rich heritage and dynamic evolution of Delhi. The first photo was captured by European photographer John Edward Saché.

This victory of Salah al-Din in the Horns of Hattin paved the way for the Muslim reconquest of Jerusalem (on 2 October 1187). Salah al-Din started the siege of Jerusalem (20 September 1187) two months after his victory at Hattin.

By 1174, Salah al-Din had established himself in Damascus. He then spent the next 8 years uniting the Muslim front against the Crusaders. He also signed a peace treaty with Raymond, Count of Tripoli, for 10 years realizing that this was not the time to fight.

In 1187, the Crusaders violated the terms of the truce by attacking a Muslim caravan. Salah al-Din swore to avenge the blood of the Muslims. This event triggered the inevitable and future Battle of Hattin.

Salah al-Din assembled his large army and on 26 June 1187, reviewed them at Ashtera, in the Hauran (a region that spans parts of southern Syria and northern Jordan). He himself commanded the centre, his nephew Taki al-Din the right wing and Gökböri the left.

On the afternoon of 2 July, the Christians encamped at Sepphoris. On the same day, Salah al-Din attacked Tiberias. When the news reached that Salah al-Din had taken Tiberias, the Crusaders abandoned their camp to go to the relief of the besieged city.

When the dawn broke on Saturday, 4 July, the Crusaders were encircled. The action began at daybreak. The Crusaders were defeated. Salah al-Din spared the life of King Guy telling him that "kings do not kill kings."

Salah al-Din also ordered that none of the Christian lords were to be harmed but that all were to be treated with courtesy and respect during their captivity.

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Ottoman standard of Gaza, given to the 79th Infantry Regiment which defended Gaza, Ottoman Palestine during World War I, c. 1917

The First Battle of Gaza took place on March 26, 1917. The Ottomans successfully defended the city.

But the Ottomans lost Gaza after their defeat in the third battle. On November 7, 1917, General Allenby's troops entered Gaza unopposed.

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Every year on May 15, Palestinians around the globe mark the day of Nakba, or 'the Catastrophe', referring to the ethnic cleansing of Palestine and the near-total destruction of Palestinian society in 1948.

More than 700,000 Palestinians were expelled or fled from their home. Their homes and villages were destroyed and the Palestinian history was erased.

To this day, this ethnic cleansing and the Israeli occupation of the Palestinian land, and the destruction of their homes still continue (colored photo from May 2021).

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Saladin conquest of Jerusalem. Read

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Tabari narrates an account where upon hearing of the approaching Quraysh army, the Prophet started inquiring about the location of Badr.

During the night (before the battle of Badr), a light drizzle fell, prompting the Muslims of Madina to seek shelter under trees and their leather shields.

While the rain compacted the ground, making movement easier for the Muslims, it proved to be an obstacle for the Quraysh, halting their progress and delaying their arrival.

Seizing the advantage, the Prophet hastened to reach the water source ahead of the Quraysh, eventually halting at the nearest well of Badr. With his small force of around 313 men, the Prophet arrived before Abu Sufiyan and his army.

Spending the night in prayer, he earnestly beseeched his God, expressing concern for the fate of his followers: “O God, if this group perishes, you will not be worshiped on earth.”

As dawn approached, he gathered his men for prayer and delivered impassioned instructions to fight for their survival.

On the 5th of Ramadan in 899 Hijri, Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur became the king in Fergana when he was only 12 years old.

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#OnThisDay, 4 March 1193, Sultan Salah al-Din passed away in Damascus, Syria.

There are different accounts of Saladin's cause of death. The most widely accepted version is that he died of a fever, possibly caused by a combination of stress, exhaustion from military campaigns, and an infected mosquito bite.

Regardless of the cause of his death, he is known for his military campaigns against the Crusader states in which he achieved great success including the conquest of Jerusalem (1187).

Salah al-Din was born in 1137/38 in Tikrit, a fortress on the River Tigris between Mosul and Samarra in what is now Iraq. He was the son of Najm al-Din Ayyub, the Kurdish general in charge of the citadel there. He came from a military background for his uncle, Asad al-Din Shirkuh, was also a soldier.

Nearing the age of 50, Salah al-Din could claim for himself a reputation known throughout the Middle East. He had unified Muslim states that had warred against each other for generations.

Apart from being a military genius, Salah al-Din was also incredibly generous, dividing booty among his aides while leaving nothing for himself to the extent that it was said that when he died he left insufficient money for his own funeral. Instead of the many palaces, his empire possessed, he preferred to reside in a military tent.

When he conquered Jerusalem in 1187, he guaranteed the safety of every Christian living in the city, a sharp contrast to when the Christian Crusaders massacred the Muslim and Jew population in 1099.

By doing this, Salah al-Din wanted not only to claim military superiority but also moral superiority; that the values of Islam include mercy.

In the Western world also, he was greatly admired. The Italian poet Dante, in his Inferno, was bound to commit any non-Christian to hell but, in Salah al-Din’s case, he was consigned to Limbo alongside such great men as Plato and Aristotle.

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