*🔆Fault Lines*

✅A fault line is the visible intersection of a geological fault with the Earth's surface. It refers to a fracture or zone of fractures between two blocks of rock caused by stresses generated by tectonic plate movements.

*📍Characteristics of Faults:
✅*Faults are closely associated with the movement of Earth's tectonic plates.

✅The largest faults are found along plate boundaries.

✅Movement along faults can occur rapidly, resulting in earthquakes, or gradually, in the form of creep.

✅Faults vary in length from a few millimeters to thousands of kilometers, such as the San Andreas Fault in California or the Anatolian Fault in Turkey.

✅Fault surfaces can be horizontal, vertical, or inclined at various angles.

✅Earth scientists classify faults based on the angle of the fault relative to the surface (known as the dip) and the direction of movement along the fault.

*📍Types of Faults:*

✅Strike-Slip Faults: These faults occur when tectonic plates slide past each other horizontally, with little to no vertical movement.

🔰These faults are commonly found in regions where lateral stress dominates.

🔰A well-known example is the San Andreas Fault in California, which has caused several powerful earthquakes.

✅Normal Faults: These faults occur when one block of rock slides downward, pulling away from the adjacent block.

🔰These faults create space by stretching the Earth's crust, often leading to the formation of valleys.

🔰Examples of normal faults include the Basin and Range Province in North America and the East African Rift Zone.

✅Reverse Faults (Thrust Faults): These faults occur when one block of crust moves upward and overlaps the other.

🔰This process is associated with compression and often leads to the formation of mountain ranges.

🔰Examples include the Himalayas, formed due to the collision of the Indian and Eurasian plates, and the Rocky Mountains in North America.

#geography #mains #prelims

🔆Climate Footprint of Space Exploration

*📍Why in News?*

✅Space exploration is expanding rapidly, but its environmental impact from rocket emissions to satellite debris is largely ignored by global sustainability frameworks like the Paris Agreement. Urgent action is needed to address these growing concerns.

*📍How are Space Activities Affecting the Environment?*

✅Rocket Emissions: Rocket launches emit carbon dioxide (CO₂), black carbon, and water vapor. Black carbon absorbs sunlight 500 times more effectively than CO₂, exacerbating global warming.

✅Additionally, chlorine-based rocket propellants deplete the ozone layer, increasing ultraviolet (UV) exposure and disrupting atmospheric circulation.

✅Space Debris: As of September 2024, 19,590 satellites have been launched, with 13,230 still in orbit, of which 10,200 are operational.

✅The total mass of space objects exceeds 13,000 tonnes, contributing to pollution by Space Debris due to overcrowding in low Earth orbit (LEO).

✅Non-functional satellites and debris from collisions add to the growing problem of space junk and making space increasingly inaccessible.

✅This debris can disrupt radio waves and sensor accuracy, affecting critical systems for disaster tracking, climate monitoring, and communication.

✅Satellite Manufacturing: The production of satellites involves energy-intensive processes that contribute significantly to their carbon footprint, particularly using metals and composites.

✅Satellite propulsion systems also release additional emissions during orbital adjustments. Furthermore, satellites burn up during re-entry, releasing metallic "satellite ash" that could alter atmospheric dynamics and harm the climate.

✅Emerging Threats: Space mining, although not yet operational, poses a potential threat to both Earth and space environments.

✅Increased industrial activity in orbit could intensify environmental impacts, compounding the challenges posed by current space operations.

#gs3
#prelims
#environment

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Questions asked on Schemes in the past 8 years-

1) Production-linked Incentive scheme (2023)
2) Janani Suraksha Yojana (2023)
3) Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission (2022)
4) MPLADS (2020)
5) Kisan Credit Card Scheme (2020)
6) Service Area Approach (2019)
7) Atal Innovation Scheme (2019)
8) Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (2018)
9) National Career Service (2017)
10) National Nutrition Mission (2017)
11) National Agriculture Market Scheme (2017)
12) Soil Health Card Scheme(2017)
13) Recognition of Prior Learning Scheme(2017)
14) RuPay (2017)
15) Scheme for Sustainable Structuring of Stressed Assets (S4A) (2017)
16) Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (2016)
17) Sovereign Gold Bond Scheme and Gold Monetization Scheme (2016)
19) Atal Pension Yojana (2016)
20) Stand Up India scheme(2016)
21) UDAY (2016)

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🔰Fast-track your learning with our crisp daily current affairs bulletin that makes your exam preparation smarter, not harder.#currentaffairs#article#news#th#todaynews#hottopics#importentnews #EdenIAS

✨EDEN IAS DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS BULLETIN ✨⚡️

🔰Fast-track your learning with our crisp daily current affairs bulletin that makes your exam preparation smarter, not harder.#currentaffairs#article#news#th#todaynews#hottopics#importentnews #EdenIAS