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**?Anusandhan National Research Foundation (NRF) Bill, 2023*✅* The NRF will provide high-level strategic direction for research, innovation, and entrepreneurship in various fields. It will also promote scientific and technological interfaces in the humanities and social sciences.*✅* The Bill will hike R&D spending in the country. The Act will establish NRF, an apex body to provide high-level strategic direction of scientific research in the country.*✅* The Department of Science and Technology (DST) will be the administrative Department of NRF, which will be governed by a Governing Board consisting of eminent researchers and professionals across disciplines.*✅* The Prime Minister will be the ex-officio President of the Board, and the Union Minister of Science & Technology and the Union Minister of Education will be the ex-officio Vice-Presidents.*✅*NRF's functioning will be governed by an Executive Council chaired by the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India.*✅* NRF will forge collaborations among industry, academia, and government departments and research institutions.*✅* The Act will also repeal the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB), established by an Act of Parliament in 2008, and subsume it into the NRF, which has an expanded mandate and covers activities over and above those of SERB.**

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?What is Proportional Representation?

✅The ruling NDA has won 293 seats with a 43.3% vote share while the Opposition bloc INDIA has secured 234 seats with a 41.6% vote share. Other regional parties and independents polled around 15% but ended up with only 16 seats in total.

✅The Proportional Representation (PR) systemensures representation of all parties based on their vote share.

✅The most commonly used PR system is the ‘party list PR’ where voters vote for the party (and not individual candidates) and then the parties get seats in proportion to their vote share.

?First Past the Post System
✅India currently uses the First Past the Post (FPTP) system, where the candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins.

✅The FPTP system is simple and provides stability to the executive, but it can lead to unrepresentative governments.

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