At 16.30 my turn inshaaAllah🤭

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) can lead to various electrolyte imbalances due to the kidneys' reduced ability to filter and excrete waste products and maintain electrolyte homeostasis. Here are some common electrolyte imbalances associated with CKD:

1. Hyperkalemia (High Potassium):

• The kidneys struggle to excrete potassium, leading to elevated levels, which can cause serious cardiac issues.

1. Hyponatremia (Low Sodium):

• Due to fluid retention or dilutional effects, sodium levels may drop.

1. Hyperphosphatemia (High Phosphate):

• Impaired renal function leads to reduced phosphate excretion, causing elevated levels, which can also contribute to secondary hyperparathyroidism and bone disease.

1. Hypocalcemia (Low Calcium):

• Reduced renal activation of vitamin D leads to decreased calcium absorption from the gut and lower serum calcium levels.

1. Metabolic Acidosis:

• The kidneys' inability to excrete hydrogen ions or regenerate bicarbonate can lead to acidosis, affecting overall electrolyte balance.

1. Hypermagnesemia (High Magnesium):

• Although less common, impaired renal function can lead to elevated magnesium levels, especially in patients taking magnesium-containing medications or supplements.

▎Management

• Dietary Modifications: Reducing intake of potassium, phosphorus, and sodium.

• Medications: Use of phosphate binders, potassium binders, and diuretics as needed.

• Dialysis: For advanced CKD, dialysis can help correct electrolyte imbalances.

Monitoring electrolytes regularly is crucial for managing CKD and preventing complications.

Angiotensin II is a powerful hormone that plays a crucial role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance in the body. Here are some of its primary effects:

1. Vasoconstriction: Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to constrict, which increases systemic vascular resistance and raises blood pressure.

2. Stimulates Aldosterone Secretion: It promotes the secretion of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex, leading to increased sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, which helps to increase blood volume and blood pressure.

3. Stimulates Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) Release: Angiotensin II can stimulate the release of ADH (also known as vasopressin) from the posterior pituitary gland, which promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys.

4. Increases Thirst: It acts on the hypothalamus to stimulate thirst, encouraging fluid intake to help increase blood volume.

5. Enhances Sympathetic Nervous System Activity: Angiotensin II can increase sympathetic nervous system activity, which also contributes to increased heart rate and blood pressure.

6. Promotes Cardiac and Vascular Hypertrophy: Chronic exposure to angiotensin II can lead to structural changes in the heart and blood vessels, contributing to conditions like hypertension and heart failure.

7. Modulates Inflammatory Responses: Angiotensin II has been implicated in inflammatory processes, particularly in cardiovascular diseases.

Overall, angiotensin II is a key player in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), which is vital for maintaining blood pressure and fluid homeostasis. However, excessive or prolonged activity of this system can lead to pathological conditions such as hypertension and heart disease.

Dars qilsam shunaqa xatlar yozib qo'yamanda,nimagadir bugungisini share qilgim keldi ko'zim yana adashib tushib qolganda😅🙈.

🇹🇷 Good afternoon, dear students! On October 23 at 13:00, a lecture on "Robotic surgery for kidney cancer" will be held at the AKFA Medline University Hospital by Professor MURAT BINBAY (from Turkey)

☝🏻Don't miss the opportunity to improve your knowledge and stay up to date with the latest medical trends. Attendance is mandatory for students on rotations at the Akfa Medline University Hospital 🏥.

1. “Орифи биллоҳнинг аломатларидан:
   У талаб қилмайди ва хусуматлашиб, тортишмайди. Ўзида бошқанинг устидан фазл, ортиқлик кўрмайди. Ўзида бошқанинг устида ҳаққи бор деб билмайди. Яна унинг аломатларидан: Кетган нарсага афсусланмайди, келадиган нарсага хурсанд бўлиб кетмайди. Чунки у нарсаларга фано бўладиган (йўқ бўладиган) ва завол топадиган нарса сифатида қарайди. Ҳақиқатан ҳам, у нарсалар (дунё матоҳлари) соя ва хаёл каби нарсалардир.

“Мадорижус соликийн”дан.

@arabicuz

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Tmrw! Don't forget the deadline for 2 presentations! Cardiac department!

Doctor qizlaram o'rganishi kerak opamdan soatlab tort qilishni vaqtini qizg'ansayam😄.Orada tort qilib,orada kitob o'qib deydiku😅🙈.