Barchaga xayrli kun!

There are many scripts that have been used to write languages over the millennia—some are still used today, but others have fallen out of use. You can find a list at the end of this post of the most commonly recognized scripts and examples of languages that can be written in them.
We can think of all these scripts as falling into one of six categories, based on what their letters or characters represent:
1. Featural scriptsFeatural scripts represent some aspect of language other than consonants, vowels, syllables, or meaning.
For example, Korean uses the Hangeul script, which is based on the places in the mouth where sounds are produced. The symbol ᄀ can have slightly different sounds depending on where in a word it occurs, but the symbol itself always represents a sound made in the back of the mouth.
SignWriting is another featural script that represents handshapes, movements, placement of the hands and arms, and facial features in signed languages.
2. AbjadsAbjad scripts traditionally represent only the consonants of a language as separate symbols. That's right—in some languages, you don't need to write the vowels at all! It is assumed that readers can figure out what vowels would go where in the word just by reading the words in context. Sometimes these scripts also use diacritics (tiny symbols added to a main letter) as a way to optionally add vowels.
Hebrew is a well-known example of a language that uses an abjad. The word for "book" (sefer) can be written two ways:
Without diacritics: ספר (read right to left as s f r)
With diacritics: סֵפֶר (read right to left as se fe r)
Yiddish also uses the Hebrew script, and Arabicuses the Arabic script, which is also an abjad.
3. AlphabetsAlphabetic scripts represent consonant and vowel sounds as separate symbols.
Roman (or Latin), Greek, and Cyrillic are all alphabets, and despite their visual differences, they all work the same way: A symbol represents a sound, and symbols are combined in words to represent each sound of a word. (Although since languages are always changing, some of those symbol-sound pairs get quite messy—as is the case for English spelling!) 

PRIL 16, 2024
ELIZABETH STRONG Dear Duolingo: What are the different writing systems around the world?There are six types of writing systems around the world. How many do you recognize?

Welcome to another week of Dear Duolingo, an advice column just for learners. Catch up on past installments here.
Hi, everyone! I'm Dr. Elizabeth Strong, and this is my first Dear Duolingo column. I'm a former French teacher, and I've studied many languages, including Irish and Italian—and I've always been interested in spelling and writing systems. That's why I was so eager to answer this week's question!
Our question this week:
Writing systems can vary significantly across languages, and each system captures certain kinds of information while leaving out others. Let's dig into all the different kinds of writing systems used around the world!
What is a writing system?When people talk about a writing system, they’re usually referring to a script: a way of representing word sounds, signs (as in sign languages), or meanings through written symbols. For example, the words you’re reading right now use a script called the Roman (or Latin) alphabet. Many languages use this same script, often with adaptations like additional symbols or markings—for example, English, Spanish, German, Welsh, Polish, Tagalog, and Vietnamese all use the Roman alphabet!
Sometimes when people talk about a writing system, they are referring not just to a language’s script, but to a combination of its script and its orthography. Orthography refers to what the symbols of a script actually represent, as well as how they can be combined. 
A script is a language's written symbols, and its orthography is the spelling rules about what the symbols represent.
For example, English, Spanish, and German all use the letter j, but they have different rules of orthography (where the letter can be used and what sound it represents). In English, this letter usually represents the sound at the beginning of the word judge. In Spanish, it makes what English speakers would usually call an "h" sound, and in German, it makes what English speakers would usually call a "y" sound.
A language’s writing system may also be represented in different styles, such as print or cursive, and fonts, such as Comic Sans or Times New Roman. These are just slightly different visual ways of representing a script, and today we'll be focusing on the scripts themselves!
How to compare scriptsScripts can be divided into individual letters or characters, depending on the script. The term letteris often used for languages like English where the symbol represents a sound in the language, while character is for languages like Chinese (or Japanese kanji) where the symbol represents some meaning. For example, in English the written symbol "d" stands for a sound made with your tongue on the ridge just behind your upper teeth, but it doesn't have a meaning the way dogmeans a specific kind of animal.
There can also be some variation in these terms depending on the language. For example, Japanese has three different scripts and you usually hear the word character used to describe symbols in all three of them, even though they represent different things:
kanji: symbols that represent meanings, for example 肉 is pronounced "niku" and means "meat"
hiragana: symbols that represent sounds, for example あ is pronounced "a"
katakana: symbols that represent sounds, for example ア is pronounced "a"
Some writing systems have diacritics or accent marks: symbols like dots or dashes attached to a letter or character. Diacritics and accent marks don't represent a specific sound or meaning, but they instead tell a reader something about the letter or character. For example, in Spanish, most accent marks tell you about which part of the word is stressed (so habló "he spoke" has stress on the "o"), while in French they tell you about which sound a letter makes (so French readers know é is pronounced like the vowel in the English word mayand è is pronounced like English met).
6 types of scripts used around the world

Universitetda o’qitgan barcha o’qituvchilarimga rahmat.
Mehnatlariga ,vaqtlariga, sarflagan kuchlariga rozi bo’lishsin?❤️

Don't you worry
Don't you worry 'bout a thing
'Cause everything's gonna be alright
Everything's gonna be alright
So don't you worry
Don't you worry 'bout a thing
'Cause everything's gonna be alright
Everything's gonna be alright
It's gon' be al-, be alright, thumbs up vibe
Ready for the night, lit like a light
'Bout to take a flight, get higher than a kite
Floatin' on the sky, look mama, I can fly
I feel so alive, I'ma live my best life
Do just, do just what I like
Get that, get that, get that press
I was down and now I rise up
Head up and my eyes up
I keep getting wiser
Then I realize that everything will be
Oh, oh-oh, oh-oh, oh-oh
Kay, ayy-ayy, ayy-ayy, okay
This is how we do it, baby, this is what we say
Eso es lo que tú y yo vamo' a hace'
Don't you worry
Don't you worry 'bout a thing
'Cause everything's gonna be alright
Everything's gonna be alright
So don't you worry
Don't you worry 'bout a thing
'Cause everything's gonna be alright
Everything's gonna be alright
It's gon' be o-, be okay (ayy)
Work hard, play hard, that's the only way (ayy)
I'ma live my life like every day's a holiday (ayy)
Time to celebrate (ayy), time to elevate
Hold up, wait
Tres, cuatro, cinco, seis
Take it to the top, top, top, like, ooh
We don't stop, stop, keep on movin' makin' moves
Take a shot, shot, take a shot, take a few
We gon' keep on doin' what we do
'Cause everything will be
Oh, oh-oh, oh-oh, oh-oh
Kay, ayy-ayy, ayy-ayy, okay
This is how we do it, baby, this is what we say
Eso es lo que tú y yo vamo' a hace'
Don't you worry
Don't you worry 'bout a thing
'Cause everything's gonna be alright
Everything's gonna be alright
So don't you worry
Don't you worry 'bout a thing
'Cause everything's gonna be alright
Everything's gonna be alright

Mind
Mind
Sittin' all alone
Mouth full of gum
In the driveway
My friends aren't far
In the back of my car
Lay their bodies
Where's my mind?
Where's my mind?
They'll be here pretty soon
Lookin' through my room for the money
I'm bitin' my nails
I'm too young to go to jail
It's kinda funny
Where's my mind?
Where's my mind?
Where's my mind?
Where's my mind?
Maybe it's in the gutter
Where I left my lover
What an expensive fake
My V is for Vendetta
Thought that I'd feel better
But now I got a bellyache
Everything I do
The way I wear my noose
Like a necklace
I wanna make 'em scared
Like I could be anywhere
Like I'm reckless
I lost my mind
I don't mind
Where's my mind?
Where's my mind?
Maybe it's in the gutter
Where I left my lover
What an expensive fake
My V is for Vendetta
Thought that I'd feel better
But now I got a bellyache
(Bellyache, bellyache, bellyache)
(Bellyache, bellyache, bellyache)
Maybe it's in the gutter
Where I left my lover
What an expensive fake
My V is for Vendetta
Thought that I'd feel better
But now I got a bellyache

Unique words connect language and culture!In addition to learning grammar and basic vocabulary, digging into culture will make you a more well-rounded speaker and allow you to connect with people on a deeper level. These unique English words might be difficult to translate into other languages directly, but they provide a fascinating glimpse into U.S. culture—and learners in our English courses for Spanish and Portuguese speakers can look out for these words in their courses!

Kirib kelayotgan Hayit ayyomingiz muborak bolsin??