List of some active Volcanoes on Earth.

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The Eastern Ghats, a lesser-known but significant mountain range in India, span 1,750 kilometers along the eastern coast. Rich in biodiversity and cultural heritage, the region faces threats such as deforestation and habitat degradation.

The Eastern Ghats run almost parallel to the east coast of India leaving broad plains between their base and the coast.

It is a chain of highly broken and detached hills starting from the Mahanadi in Odisha to the Vagai in Tamil Nadu. They almost disappear between the Godavari and the Krishna.

It is only in the northern part, between the Mahanadi and the Godavari that the Eastern Ghats exhibit true mountain character. This part comprises the Maliya and the Madugula Konda ranges.

The peaks and ridges of the Maliya range have a general elevation of 900-1,200 m and Mahendra Giri (1,501 m) is the tallest peak here.

The Madugula Konda range has higher elevations ranging from 1,100 m and 1,400 m with several peaks exceeding 1,600 m. Jindhagada Peak (1690 m) in Araku Valley Arma Konda (1,680 m), Gali Konda (1,643 m), and Sinkram Gutta (1,620 m) are important peaks.

Between the Godavari and the Krishna rivers, the Eastern Ghats lose their hilly character and are occupied by Gondwana formations.

The southern part of this range is called the Palkodna range.

To the south, the hills and plateaus attain very low altitudes; only Javadi Hills and the Shevroy-Kalrayan Hills form two distinct features of 1,000 m elevation.

Western Ghats || Sahyadri Mountain Range
Older than the Himalaya mountains, the mountain chain of the Western Ghats represents geomorphic features of immense importance with unique biophysical and ecological processes.

The site’s high montane forest ecosystems influence the Indian monsoon weather pattern. Moderating the tropical climate of the region, the site presents one of the best examples of the monsoon system on the planet.

It also has an exceptionally high level of biological diversity and endemism and is recognized as one of the world’s eight ‘hottest hotspots’ of biological diversity.

The forests of the site include some of the best representatives of non-equatorial tropical evergreen forests anywhere and are home to at least 325 globally threatened flora, fauna, bird, amphibian, reptile and fish species.

The Western Ghats include a diversity of ecosystems ranging from tropical wet evergreen forests to montane grasslands containing numerous medicinal plants and important genetic resources such as the wild relatives of grains, fruit and spices.

They also include the unique shola ecosystem which consists of montane grasslands interspersed with evergreen forest patches.

**कोयले से दूर जाने की भारी लागत

भारत में न्यायोचित ऊर्जा परिवर्तन

• संक्रमण का तात्पर्य कोयला-संबंधित क्षेत्रों में काम करने वाले श्रमिकों को ध्यान में रखते हुए, कम कार्बन अर्थव्यवस्था की ओर एक न्यायसंगत बदलाव से है।

• कोयला क्षेत्र में 3.6 लाख से अधिक सार्वजनिक कर्मचारी तथा निजी क्षेत्र के कर्मचारी कार्यरत हैं।

• लक्ष्य: 2070 तक शुद्ध-शून्य उत्सर्जन, कोयला-निर्भर क्षेत्रों और श्रमिकों के लिए चुनौतियां।

कोयला चरणबद्ध कटौती के लिए अंतर्राष्ट्रीय समर्थन

दक्षिण अफ्रीका: हरित ऊर्जा के लिए 98 बिलियन डॉलर की योजना, जिसमें अंतर्राष्ट्रीय साझेदारों से 8.5 बिलियन डॉलर शामिल हैं (2023-2027)।

• जर्मनी: 2038 तक कोयले को चरणबद्ध तरीके से समाप्त करने के लिए 55 बिलियन डॉलर, जिससे कोयले पर निर्भर क्षेत्रों को सहायता मिलेगी।

भारत में कोयला-निर्भर जिलों से प्राप्त निष्कर्ष

• कोरबा (छत्तीसगढ़), बोकारो, रामगढ़ (झारखंड) और अंगुल (ओडिशा) पर फोकस।

• बोकारो में कोयला उद्योग स्थानीय सकल घरेलू उत्पाद में 54% का योगदान देता है तथा 1,39,000 श्रमिकों को रोजगार देता है।

• बोकारो में कोयला चरणबद्ध कटौती के लिए 30 वर्षों में 1.01 लाख करोड़ रुपये की आवश्यकता का अनुमान है।

न्यायोचित परिवर्तन की लागत:-

• प्रमुख लागतों में खदानों को बंद करना, श्रमिकों को पुनः प्रशिक्षित करना, सामुदायिक समर्थन और हरित निवेश शामिल हैं।

• 30 वर्षों में आवश्यक 1 ट्रिलियन डॉलर का 48% हिस्सा हरित ऊर्जा निवेश पर खर्च किया जाएगा।

परिवर्तन का वित्तपोषण:-

• सामुदायिक सहायता और पुनः कौशलीकरण के लिए सार्वजनिक वित्तपोषण (अनुदान, सब्सिडी)।

• स्वच्छ ऊर्जा परियोजनाओं के लिए निजी निवेश।

• नए व्यवसायों और कोयला समुदायों को समर्थन देने के लिए जिला खनिज फाउंडेशन और सीएसआर निधि।

भारत में कोयला संसाधन:-

• कुल कोयला भंडार: 378.21 बिलियन टन (अप्रैल 2023 तक)।

• कोयला उत्पादन (2023-24): 997.83 मिलियन टन (+11.71% वृद्धि)।

कोयला आयात

• आयात नीति: उपभोक्ताओं द्वारा कोयले का स्वतंत्र रूप से आयात किया जा सकता है।

• कोकिंग कोल का आयात मुख्य रूप से इस्पात क्षेत्र द्वारा मांग की कमी को पूरा करने के लिए किया जाता है।

• कुल कोयला आयात (2023-24): 261 मिलियन टन।**

**Teesta river is a tributary of the Brahmaputra (known as Jamuna in Bangladesh), flowing through India and Bangladesh.
    It originates in the Himalayas near Chunthang, Sikkimand flows to the south through West Bengal before entering Bangladesh.
    The Teesta Barrage dam helps to provide irrigation for the plains between the upper Padma and the Jamuna.

Further, experts of the River Research Institute (RRI), under the state irrigation and waterways department, have come up with a comprehensive report on the Teesta in which tonnes of debris — sand, stones and boulders — have settled in the wake of last October's flash flood, increasing the riverbed level and making it more prone to floods.**

**Western Ghats || Sahyadri Mountain Range
Older than the Himalaya mountains, the mountain chain of the Western Ghats represents geomorphic features of immense importance with unique biophysical and ecological processes.

The site’s high montane forest ecosystems influence the Indian monsoon weather pattern. Moderating the tropical climate of the region, the site presents one of the best examples of the monsoon system on the planet.

It also has an exceptionally high level of biological diversity and endemism and is recognized as one of the world’s eight ‘hottest hotspots’ of biological diversity.

The forests of the site include some of the best representatives of non-equatorial tropical evergreen forests anywhere and are home to at least 325 globally threatened flora, fauna, bird, amphibian, reptile and fish species.

The Western Ghats include a diversity of ecosystems ranging from tropical wet evergreen forests to montane grasslands containing numerous medicinal plants and important genetic resources such as the wild relatives of grains, fruit and spices.

They also include the unique shola ecosystem which consists of montane grasslands interspersed with evergreen forest patches.**

#HillRanges **contribute to India’s diverse geography, climate, and culture, offering breathtaking landscapes, rich biodiversity, and opportunities for adventure and exploration.

1) Himalayas: The highest and youngest mountain range in the world, known for its snow-capped peaks, including Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga.

2) Western Ghats: Also known as the Sahyadri Range, it runs parallel to the western coast of India and is recognized for its rich biodiversity and scenic beauty.

3) Eastern Ghats: Stretching along the eastern coast of India, the Eastern Ghats are characterized by rolling hills, dense forests, and waterfalls.

4) Aravalli Range: The oldest mountain range in India, it extends across several states in northwestern India and is known for its rocky terrain.

5) Vindhya Range: Located in central India, the Vindhya Range separates the Indo-Gangetic Plain from the Deccan Plateau.

6) Satpura Range: Situated in central India, the Satpura Range is known for its rugged terrain, deep valleys, and dense forests.

7) Nilgiri Hills: Located in southern India, the Nilgiri Hills are famous for their tea plantations, hill stations, and scenic landscapes.

8) Shivalik Range: The outermost range of the Himalayas, it runs parallel to the main Himalayan range and is known for its foothills and valleys.**

क्या आप खान Sir के ग्रुप से जुड़ना चाहते है ?