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Locational factors for semiconductor industry in India:

1) semiconductor grade water : large quantity and high quality water is required for semiconductor manufacturing.
2) power supplies: electricity supplies should be reliable
3) efficient transportation and logistics
4) support for R & D and innovation
5) adequate land for fab facilities
6) supply chain of raw materials and machinery . Therefore preferred location is coastal areas.
7) high skilled and trained workers
8) huge capital investment
9) government support and subsidies
10) infrastructure availability in special economic zones (SEZ).
11) rising domestic and international market for semiconductor electronics fuelled by 4th Industrial Revolution.

**Semiconductor manufacturing hubs and cluster :

1) Dholera** semiconductor plant, Gujarat: Tata group and Taiwanese foundry power chip semiconductor manufacturing corp(PSMC). It will provide access to leading edge and mature nodes including 28nm, 40nm, 55nm, 90nm, 110nm. Capacity of silicon wafer around 50000 per month.
2) chip assembly plant in morigaon, Assam. Tata group . It will have capacity to manufacture 48million chips per day.
3) chip packaging facility in Gujarat Sanad. Tata group
4) Adani project approved in Panvel, Raigad, Maharashtra
5) Bangalore has many companies known semiconductor design and display (world 20% chip design passes through Bangalore).
6) semiconductor corporation of India limited,Mohali, Punjab (PSU)
7) semiconductor fab small units by ISRO and DRDO for their own applications in space and defence in Bangalore established.
8) Odisha and Madhya Pradesh

Challenges to be overcome
1) high investment required: very complex and technology intensive sector involving huge capital investment, high risk, long gestation and payback periods.
2) lack of fabrication capacity in India: no experience in manufacturing wagers and chips of smaller nodes that is more in demand. 100% India is importing micro chips and ICs
3) environmental challenges: millions of liters of clean semiconductor grade water is required and extremely stable power supply and large land . Land acquisition is a big challenge in India
4) skilled work force required,
5) missing government support and incentives, late entry since 2021
6) huge import of semiconductors 100% till now.

**Potential and recent ambition of India to become semiconductor hub in next 5 years :

India** currently imports all chips and market is estimated to touch 100 billion usd by 2025 from 24 billion usd now.
—- In 2021 government allocated 76,000 crore for development of semiconductor and display manufacturing ecosystem.
—- scheme for promotion of manufacturing of electronic components and semiconductors (SPECS).
—- production linked incentives (PLI) and design linked incentives (DLI) to promote manufacturing .
—- 50% subsidy support by government in all stages of semiconductor and all sizes.
—- India’s own consumption of semiconductor is expected to cross USD 80 billion by 2026 and 110 billion USD by 2030.

**Major semiconductor producing countries:

USA,** South Korea, China, Taiwan, Japan, Singapore and Hongkong.

90% of less than 9nm nodes semiconductor manufacturing done in south Korea and Taiwan.

Supply chain of critical minerals and technology and machinery is controlled by some countries. Needed a semiconductor diplomacy like collaborating with Taiwan, Israel, South Korea, Japan, USA.

Credit Priyesh sir

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**Kharif sowing of Paddy, Pulses, Shree Anna, Oilseed, Sugarcane crosses normal area

?Kharif crop sowing exceeds 1087 lakh hectares

?408.72 lakh ha area coverage under paddy has been reported as compared to 393.57 lakh ha during the corresponding period of last year

?125.13 lakh ha area coverage under pulses has been reported compared to 116.66 lakh ha during the corresponding period of last year
?187.74 lakh ha area coverage under coarse cereals has been reported compared to 181.06 lakh ha during the corresponding period of last year ?190.63 lakh ha area coverage under oilseeds has been reported compared to 188.83 lakh ha during the corresponding period of last year

?57.68 lakh ha area coverage under Sugarcane has been reported compared to 57.11 lakh ha during the corresponding period of last year**

*?*Gomti River:

✅It is a tributary of the Ganges River.
Course:
✅Origin: It is an alluvial river that originates from the Gomat Taal, otherwise called Fulhaar Jheel, found near the Madho Tanda in Pilibhit district in Uttar Pradesh, India.
✅After flowing through an incised valley southwards through the districts of Sitapur, Lucknow, Barabanki, Sultanpur, and Jaunpur, it joins River Ganga near Varanasi.
✅The river extends to about 900 km.
The total drainage area of the river is 30,437 sq. km.
✅It is a perennial river. The river is characterised by sluggish flow throughout the year, except during the monsoon season, when heavy rainfall causes a manifold increase in the runoff.
✅Major Cities: There are various cities that are situated on the banks of the River Gomti, such as Sultanpur, Lucknow, Jaunpur, and Lakhimpur Kheri.
✅Tributaries: Kathina, Bhainsi, Sarayan, Gon, Reth, Sai, Pili, and Kalyani.#River_Series#Places_in_news Join** @Mapping_prelims_mains

*?*Cool Temperate Western Margin (British Type) :

✅Found in Britain, North West Europe, British Columbia(USA), Southern Chile, Tasmania and most parts of New Zealand (between 40° and 65° latitude in the Northern Hemisphere).*✅*Climate

✅They are under the permanent influence of westerlies throughout the year;
✅ Regions of frontal cyclonic activity, typical of Britain, and are thus said to experience the British type of climate.
✅ High maritime influence on temperature and precipitation.

✅ Temperature: Mild winters and cool summers (Mean annual temperature - 5 to 150C)
✅ Rainfall: Throughout the year, with a tendency towards a slight winter or autumn maximum from cyclonic sources.
✅ Seasons are very distinct. Winter - short duration and mild (due to warming effect of North Atlantic Drift ); Spring are driest; summer and autumn Vegetation
✅ Deciduous trees occur in pure stands.
✅ Higher up the mountains deciduous trees (Shed leaves
in winters to protect against snow and frost) are generally replaced by conifers.
✅Valuable temperate hardwood: oak, elm, birch,
beech, poplar, Willows, Alder, Aspen, etc.*✅*Economic Activity :
✅Market gardening, mixed farming, sheep rearing etc.
✅ Fishing is important in Britain, Norway, and British Columbia.
✅ British-type climate suitable for crops and dairy farming. Mixed farming in north-western Europe with wheat, barley, and advanced dairy practices.**

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Ramsar wetland sites Updated list

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