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Chart for subscribers

1. Asthma
■ is an obstructive disease in which expiration is impaired.
■ is characterized by decreased FVC, decreased FEV1, and decreased FEV1/FVC.
■ Air that should have been expired is not, leading to air trapping and increased FRC.
2. COPD
■ is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema.
■ is an obstructive disease with increased lung compliance in which expiration is
impaired.
■ is characterized by decreased FVC, decreased FEV1, and decreased FEV1/FVC.
■ Air that should have been expired is not, leading to air trapping, increased FRC, and a
barrel-shaped chest.
a. “Pink puffers” (primarily emphysema) have mild hypoxemia and, because they maintain
alveolar ventilation, normocapnia (normal Pco2).
b. “Blue bloaters” (primarily bronchitis) have severe hypoxemia with cyanosis and,
because they do not maintain alveolar ventilation, hypercapnia (increased Pco2). They
have right ventricular failure and systemic edema.
3. Fibrosis
■ is a restrictive disease with decreased lung compliance in which inspiration is impaired.
■ is characterized by a decrease in all lung volumes. Because FEV1 is decreased less than is
FVC, FEV1/FVC is increased (or may be normal).